Mitigating The Impact of Disasters Essay - 1001 Words

Both disasters and catastrophes are the result of a hazard or hazards coming into contact with humans in a vulnerable position. (Mileti, 1999) A beachfront row of condominiums along the US Gulf coast is an example of a disaster waiting to happen. If the condominiums aren’t there and the beach is in a natural state when a hurricane blows in there will be no disaster or catastrophe because humans wouldn’t be impacted. Although the characteristics of disasters and catastrophes have many differences, the thing they do have in common is that they both require the ingredients of not just a natural hazard but also that the hazard intersects with humans. Natural hazards are inherently part of the environment of the earth. Blizzards,†¦show more content†¦Also, building new hospitals using construction methods that minimize impact and maximize safety and ensuring they are equipped and provisioned to be self-sufficient and operational post-impact are important proactive s teps. Other considerations that should be addressed are staffing demands and evacuation procedures in the event the building itself is impacted. Are there agreements in place with regional, out of state, federal and international medical and transportation organizations and facilities? Many of the mitigation activities regarding health and status capacity compliment the activities in the preparedness phase of EM but the preparedness efforts must also include education of the public and responders, specific emergency plans and hazard-specific training. Ideally the training exercises should involve all community groups as well as key players from outside the potential catastrophe impact area. Of course, not all catastrophic risks can be known before hand but events like massive earthquakes or direct-impact hurricanes can be planned for and should be known from the results of thorough risk analysis and hazard vulnerability studies. Knowing the hazard specific risks and vulnerabilities will facilitate the preparedness, response and recovery efforts regarding the health status of the citizens’ pre and post-impact. Is there a Veterans Administration Hospital or Home inShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of a Disaster Recovery Plan1296 Words   |  5 PagesDisasters are occurrences one cannot control. The economic movements are unpredictable as technologies, effects of climate change, and health issues continue to persist; these among other disasters cause shifts in activity in the global financial market. Business companies in return are the last entity to carry the loads of aftermath of these circumstances. They become pressed in crisis of recovery when for example a calamity struck an entire nation. Disaster recovery planning and risk managementRead MoreArticle Summary And Critique Of Intranets Can Mitigate Business Risks By James Robertson1072 Words   |  5 Pagesobjectives. The paper will also have a critique of the chosen article. Overview of the Paper A quick summary of this paper is that it entails how the intranet can be used in mitigating business risks and provide practical approaches to these solutions. Also, the article brings out clearly the causes of business risks and the impacts to the organizations. Summary of the Article Intranets Can Mitigate Business Risks The article is all about the approaches that an organization may use the intranet in itsRead MoreThe Importance Of Hazards931 Words   |  4 Pagespriority. When disaster strike, nations with limited economic resilience not only suffered from the impacts on the human life, physical infrastructure, economic assets and environment, but also effected to the nations development endeavour (Shook, 1997). Everyday many individuals and organizations invest their money in buying insurance to transfer potential risk to avoid uncertainty from the disasters by paying a certain premium. Risk transfer mechanism has been used for centuries, mitigating the financialRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Securities 2014 Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesnot only for the local communities, but the nation as a whole. There are a number of ways for states, local communities, and tribal organizations to prioritize and assess the greatest risks applicable to them, and the means in which to implement mitigating measures to reduce the risk from identified threats and hazards. The National Preparedness Goal under the direction of Presidential Policy Directive 8 outlines the means to which all facets of the nation can prepare. The stated objective of theRead MoreBusiness Impact Analysis of Russell Landing Marina Essay582 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness impact analysis is the process of systematically addressing all of the risks associated with a solution and identifying if it actually worked. Many formulas exist, designed to show what factors are included when compiling an analysis. The simple formula of multiplying threats by your asset and dividing that total by mitigating factors represents an impact analysis. Threats are those instances that cause an operational or financial strain on your organization. These occurrences are the causeRead MoreHazards And Hazards Of Disaster Prevention928 Words   |  4 PagesImpediments to Disaster Prevention in Major Cities Reporting to the Japanese Cabinet, a panel researching on potential disasters reported the potential of 30-35 meters high disaster hitting Tokyo and other regions in future. The over-reliance on nuclear energy in some of these regions also poses a major threat whenever such disasters strike. The Southwestern Ohi Nuclear power plant was restarted amidst protests from the public. This shows some degree of awareness on the public’s side. Indeed, previousRead MoreEssay on Phases of Emergency Management915 Words   |  4 Pagesthis paper we will look at definitions and descriptions of each phase or component of emergency management, the importance of understanding interrelationships and responsibilities for each phase, some newer language and associated concepts (e.g., disaster resistance, sustainability, resilience, business continuity, risk management), and the diversity of research perspectives. Emergency management has been described for the past three decades as a â€Å"four phase† process, involving: †¢ Mitigation; †¢ Preparedness;Read MoreThe Problem Of Disaster Prevention933 Words   |  4 PagesMod 1 Case 2 LP Impediments to Disaster Prevention in Major Cities Reporting to the Japanese Cabinet, a panel researching on potential disasters reported the potential of 30-35 meters high disaster hitting Tokyo and other regions in future. The over-reliance on nuclear energy in some of these regions also poses a major threat whenever such disasters strike. The Southwestern Ohi Nuclear power plant was restarted amidst protests from the public. This shows some degree of awareness on the public’sRead MoreDisaster And Emergency Management894 Words   |  4 PagesVulnerability can be represented in a specific physical or geographic location, or those within a certain socioeconomic status, or demographic. The discussion of social vulnerability frequents the field of Disaster and Emergency Management, as it is an important factor in the planning and execution of mitigating possible risks that varying populations may face. Emergency managers in The United States of America use the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) which uses U.S. census data to help identify communitiesRead MoreFeasibility Analysis Of Arnold Bakerys Business Impact Analysis Report701 Words   |  3 PagesArnold Bakery’s Business Impact Analysis Report The proposed electronic records system is the solution Arnold Bakery has been waiting for because the ingenious move to electronically capture all company records, will transform all operations at Arnold Bakery by increasing efficiency and effectiveness within Arnold Bakery. The designed feasibility analysis aims at explaining to all stakeholders of Arnold Bakery the importance of implementing this new proposed project. The employees of Arnold Bakery

Jane Austens View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Essays

Jane Austens View of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want if a wife This comment is humorous and satirical, but holds an underlying truth. The fact that Jane Austen opens the novel with such a comment on marriage evidences the importance of the theme in the book. Indeed the novel is all about marriage in society. Austen lived in a time when marriage was the only way out for some women, or they would be forced to become a governess and lose their independence. The way that this opening sentence is out provides another theme, satire. Austen sees the following marriages that she writes on as amusing but they are still†¦show more content†¦The fact that Mr Bennet knows that his marriage is unsuccessful is important. We know that he is conscious of it, as he warns Elizabeth against an unequal marriage, My child, let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life This shows us that Mr Bennet knows he made a mistake marrying the prettiest girl all those years ago, and he wants to make sure that his favourite daughter doesnt make the same mistake. The marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr Collins is one that Austen sees as an average one. It is similar to some of those at the time. It is most certainly a marriage of convenience. Charlotte is very cynical about marriage and love. She believes that happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance Jane Austen criticises Charlottes lack of romance and idealism, through Elizabeth but underlying that we know she understands her motives for marriage. Charlotte also says that a woman must let a man know that shes interested to make sure she snags him. She advises Elizabeth that Jane does this to ensure a marriage to Bingley. Charlotte is obviously not speaking from experience, because at 27 year old, she is practically an old maid and on the shelf. Nobody wants her, and soon she will be forced to become a governess if she cant find a husband soon. After Collins proposes to Elizabeth, Charlotte, knowing she needs a husband, jumps straight in with her tactics. She doesnt however treadShow MoreRelated Views on Pride, Prejudice and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice5150 Words   |  21 PagesViews on Pride, Prejudice and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Pride pride n., v., 1. high (or too high) opinion of ones own dignity, importance, worth, etc. 2. the condition or feeling of being proud. 3. a noble sense of what is due to oneself or ones position or character; self respect; self esteem. prejudice n., v., 1. an opinion In the novel by Jane Austen, displays a severe contrast between Elizabeth and Darcy in the story. Jane Austen does thisRead MoreThe Influence of Regency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 Pagesfamiliarity [with those below in social rank was] a degradation† (137). One of Regency England’s most beloved writers, Jane Austen, continued the tradition of casting literature as a reflection of contemporary society’s biases. Her novels brim with indicators of Regency England’s preconceptions. The characters in Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, seek economic security through marriage, and cast a critical eye on those who divert themselves with lesser, frivolous pursuits, resulting in their effortsRead MorePride and Prejudice Values Juxtaposed Letters to Alice1228 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice† and â€Å"Letters to Alice† contains many similarities yet some obvious differences even when considering the fact that they were written hundreds of years apart. Both texts pro vide strong perspectives on a variety of issues and are very blunt in their approach. The key issue throughout both novels is the ideology of marriage in the sense of whether one should marry for love or financial stability and standing. Both novels are written in an epistolary format providing a differentRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesmain theme of an advantageous marriage for the English novelist, Jane Austen. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics (Southam). Austen’s major novels, including Pride and Prejudice, were composed between the years 1795-1815. During those twenty years England was at the height of its power facing many historical landmarks (Thomson). It is no coincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with theRead More Women and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice Essay examples663 Wor ds   |  3 PagesWomen and Marriage in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice And they lived happily ever after... Or did they? Pride and Prejudice, a captivating novel written by Jane Austen, is the story of Elizabeth and her adventure challenging society and ending up deep in true love. Pride and Prejudice takes place in a town outside of London called Hertfordshire, where the reader follows Elizabeth, her friends, and her family as they search for love in the nineteenth century. The author writes of ElizabethsRead More Explore Jane Austen’s attitude to marriage in Pride and Prejudice1671 Words   |  7 PagesExplore Jane Austen’s attitude to marriage in Pride and Prejudice Looking at the social, historical and cultural context In the 19th century when Austen wrote ‘Pride and Prejudice’, the way in which marriage was viewed was very different. It would have been expected of a young woman to find a ‘suitable’ partner for marriage before they were thirty, as after this they could be seen as an embarrassment to their family. By suitable, it does not mean in the way in which marriage is viewedRead MoreThe Austen Marriage1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe females in Pride and Prejudice have their moral values reflected in their marriage. They each have a predetermined standard – whether it is love or monetary gain, or superficial or complex – of what constitutes a marital relationship. According to Zimmerman, â€Å"the character from whose point of view much of the action is seen is Elizabeth† (67). She is either the one being married or is the one giving opinion on another’s marriage. Jane Austen utilizes Elizabeth as the crux of the plot’s movementRead MoreClass In Pride And Prejudice Analysis844 Words   |  4 Pagesembodies† (17). Yet, while Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice sets out to challenge societal misgivings, it also suggests hints at a reinforcement of a patriarchal and capitalistic hierarchy. Therefore, one must ask if Austen’s work is readily attempting to challenge society an d transform it to match the more feminine and self-aware conceptions presented in the text through its protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, and her experience. Ultimately, does Austen in Pride and Prejudice reinforce or challenge ‘class’Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1418 Words   |  6 PagesMarriage is a fundamental topic in Jane Austen’s famous novel, Pride and Prejudice. Readers become invested in the lives of the Bennet sisters who are constantly dreaming of relationships. Still unknown, however, is Austen’s reason for writing this novel that is so extremely concentrated on marriage. Some critics believe that Austen wrote the novel to portray how different social classes affected the lives of women such as the Bennet sisters. Others, however, believe that the novel was writtenRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was w ritten, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financial

Human Nutrition and Digestion

Question: Discuss about the Human Nutrition and Digestion. Answer: 1. There are seven requirements for a balanced human diet which include water, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and fibre or roughage (Rolfes, Pinna Whitney, 2015). There are various types of food sources under these diverse classes of balanced diet requirement. The primary purpose of advocating for balanced diet among individuals is in order to achieve and sustain good health. Although all these requirements are necessary for daily diet, there are guidelines for consumption which determine the ratios and amount of intake according to recommended dietary allowances (RDA). Water is vital for the humans, and it makes up averagely about 70% of the body weight. Water requirements and recommended consumption of water per day depend on various factors which include physical activities undertaken, age and environmental conditions. Therefore there are natural and automatic mechanisms through which the body regulates the need for water consumption by controlling thirst center s within the brain. Much of the water in the body is within the intracellular spaces while some are within the extracellular spaces, majorly the cardiovascular system as blood (Katz, Friedman Lucan, 2015). The primary roles of water, especially in the cardiovascular system, is to aid transportation of other nutrients such carbohydrate products, amino acids, minerals and vitamins to all body parts and their cells, assisting in getting rid of harmful toxins from the body through sweating and through the urinary system and it moistens certain membranes in the body such as nose, lungs, ears among several others. The most common sources of water are fluid foods, fruits, direct intake of water through drinks and foods with moisture content in them. Protein is another requirement to meet the balanced diet. The roles of this macronutrient in the body are to repair and maintain body tissues. They are essential in the healing process of wounds. Additionally, they are the ones utilised by the body to make enzymes and hormones that control different physiological functions. Proteins also are the ones that make a significant part of antibodies that provide body immunity. Furthermore, they are involved in the transportation of protein-bound molecules throughout the body besides controlling the plasma oncotic pressure. Moreover, it is a source of energy in the absence of enough energy production from carbohydrates. Proteins can be derived from animal based food such as fish, animal meat, eggs and milk products. From plants, they can be derived from leguminous plant seeds such as beans and lentils (Elia, Nutrition Society (Great Britain), 2013). Carbohydrates have several functions in the body. Firstly, they are the primary source of energy. Consequently, they spare the use of proteins for energy hence preventing ketosis that is associated with utilization of proteins for energy. They are also a source of glycogen that makes part of body cells that are made up of glycoproteins. Food sources of this macronutrient are cereals such as maize, millet, sorghum and rice, beverages, fruits and legumes. Fats in a similar way play the role of energy source in the body in some instances such as when one is starving. They also aid in the absorption, transportation and distribution of some essential nutrients such as vitamin A, D, E, K and drugs in the body that are lipid soluble. Fats make the adipose tissue that provides insulation and guarding against loss of heat hence maintaining body temperatures within normal ranges besides providing cushion and acting as shock absorbers around vital organs. Fats can be obtained from food sources such as fish, animal meat, milk, cheese and chicken. They are also available in some plants such as grains, seeds, and nuts. They can equally be obtained from cooking oils and fats (Grodner, Escott-Stump Dorner, 2016). Vitamins are classified into water and fat or lipid soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. The rest such as vitamin B complexes and C are water soluble. Their sources are also different. However, there are some that share a common source. The following is a simplified table showing the origin and roles of these vitamins in the body according to Walter, Hornig, Moser, European Academy of Nutritional Sciences, 2013. Vitamin Source Function A Egg yolk, liver, dark leafy vegetables, fortified milk products Maintenance of healthy mucous membranes, bones, and prevention of night blindness B complex Avocado, meat, eggs, brown rice, milk Red blood cell production and sustenance of the nervous system C (ascorbic acid) Fruits such as lemons and oranges Promotes wound healing, absorption of iron and it acts as an antioxidant D Fish, fortified milk products Helps in absorption of calcium K Cabbage, meat, cereals, liver, dark leafy vegetables Helps in blood coagulation Mineral such as sodium, potassium, iodine, iron, chlorides and calcium are required by the body and therefore are needed in daily diet in recommended amounts. These minerals can be obtained from food sources such as liver, kidney, eggs, fish, iodized salt, beans, milk, vegetables, cereals, and nuts. They are meant for different purposes in the body including blood pressure regulation by potassium and sodium, normal heart functioning by potassium and calcium, haemoglobin formation by iron, production of thyroid hormones by iodine, bone formation and maintenance by calcium and phosphorus besides calcium also playing a role in blood clotting. Fibre or roughages primary function is ensuring normal functioning of the digestive system. It increases motility of the gastrointestinal system besides providing the bulk needed in movement and elimination of intestinal contents. The primary source of roughage is foods high in cellulose such as vegetables and fruits; cabbage, spinach, kales, mangoes, oranges and lemon. Roughage is neither digested nor absorbed in the digestive system of humans. 2. The purpose of calculating the body mass index (BMI) is usually to determine the health of an individual by knowing the amount of fat in the body based on their height and weight. BMI is essential in the diagnosis of obesity which is a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular diseases (Ferrera, 2013). On the other hand, it can determine malnutrition hence prompting nutritional interventions on an individual. It is determined by getting a quotient through the division of a person's weight in kilograms and the square of their height in meters. The normal BMI ranges are 18.5-25.0 kg/m2. This technique is, however, unreliable in some instances such as when used in children since it is meant to be used in adults only. Its validity can also be affected if one is pregnant, has severe extremity oedema, ascites or has somebody deformities affect the accuracy of an individuals BMI. In such instances, other means of determining body fat are used such as waist and m iddle upper arm circumferences (Vermeulen De, 2012). BMI calculation examples: BMI of a male adult with a height of 1.7 metres and 80 kilograms BMI is 801.72 =27.68 kg/m2 (the individual is overweight) BMI of a female adult with a height of 1.62 meters and 50 kilograms BMI is 501.622=19.05 kg/m2 (within normal BMI ranges) BMI of a female child 14 years old with a height of 1.3 meters and a weight of 29.1kgs BMI=29.11.32 =17.2 kg/m2, then determine the percentile they belong while considering age in the BMI chart. In this case, the child is in the 5th percentile and therefore deemed underweight. 3. (a) Nutritional deficiency is a lack of adequate amount of a particular nutrient in the body hence resulting in a certain nutritional disorder. Nutritional deficiency may be either due to lack of enough intake of that particular nutrient or due to malabsorption. On the other hand, imbalanced diet is the intake in either excess or less than the recommended dietary amounts per day of particular nutrients. Deficiency of iron is causes iron deficiency anaemia that is characterised by brittle nails, weakness, and fatigue, pallor on the skin, dizziness and shortness of breath. Protein deficiency causes kwashiorkor that has characteristic symptoms which include muscle weakness; muscle cramping stunted growth reduced muscle mass and ascites. Vitamin K deficiency typically causes coagulopathies in which blood clotting may occur slowly or not occur depending on the extent of the deficiency, leading to massive There is a number of causes of imbalanced nutrition such as poverty, lack of acces s all nutrient food sources, lack of nutritional education and certain eating disorders (Wardlaw Byrd-Bredbenner, 2013). (b) Type of amino acid Examples Essential amino acids are those that cannot be naturally produced by the body and therefore are required to be obtained from food consumed Phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, valine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine and isoleucine. Non-essential amino acids are the ones that are produced by the body and are not necessary needed to be part of the diet. alanine,arginine,glutamicacid, andglycine 4. Javid and Alicia being male and female respectively aged 27 years have different dietary needs which they should meet by intake of various nutrients according to recommended dietary allowance (RDA) thus preventing nutritionally related diseases. The RDA for male his age recommends a total of averagely 2550 kcal per day while that for her age is 2000kcal per day (Shils Shike, 2016). This energy should be obtained from various nutrients as follows: Nutrient Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Fibre Cholesterol Vit A Vit C Ca Na Javid (male) 68g 71g 351g 26g 300mcg 750mcg 30mcg 0.4-0.5g 0.4-0.5g Alicia (female) 58g 56g 275g 20g 300mcg 750mcg 30mcg 0.4-0.5g 0.4-0.5g 5. The labelled parts of the digestive system are: The mandibular salivary gland which is an irregular sac-like structure on the floor of the mouth whose function is to secrete saliva into the mouth cavity (Tamir, 2012). The gall bladder is a small sac-like structure beneath the liver whose function is collection and storage of bile produced by the hepatic cells of the liver. Bile duct is a tubular structure that connects and conveys bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum The liver is a smooth glandular organ with lobes in the abdominal cavity whose function is detoxification, regulation of body temperature and secretion of bile. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestines after the stomach into which secretion of bile and pancreatic juice occur to aid in the digestion of fats and other nutrients. Appendix is a finger-like structure in the ileocecal junction which is vestigial and functionless. However, it has lymphoid cells and hence may have immunological functions. The oesophagus is a tubular structure that connects the mouth and the stomach whose function is to allow movement of ingested substances from the mouth to the stomach. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped structure separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Its role is aiding in breathing and defecation (Walker, 2015). The stomach is a sac-like structure between the oesophagus and the duodenum in the digestive system. Its primary function is secretion of hydrochloric acid for digestion and churning of food to form chyme in the process of mechanical and chemical digestion. Pancreas, a feather-like structure is both an endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice with enzymes for digestion of food, insulin and glucagon hormones for regulation of glucose in the blood (Netter, 2014). The descending colon is a tubular structure whose function is the absorption of water and electrolytes besides allowing faecal matter to descent towards the sigmoid colon. The jejunum is a highly coiled middle part of the small intestines in which much of absorption of almost all nutrients occurs (Enger, Ross Bailey, 2012). The rectum is a sac-like structure after the sigmoid colon and before the anus which provides storage for the faecal matter before elimination through defecation. The anus is an opening at the end of the digestive system. It is composed of the anal sphincter, and its function is to allow removal of faecal matter through defecation (Barrett Ganong, 2012). 6. istologically, the stomach consists of a simple columnar epithelium. It has surface mucous cells that secrete mucin to the epithelial lining. Its lining has gastric pits and gastric glands on their bases. Its muscularis is also composed of oblique, circular and longitudinal layers from inside outwards. The duodenum has tall villi and crypts in it and Brunners glands. Its epithelium is lined by cuboidal epithelium. On the other hand, the ilium is composed of tiny finger-like projections called villi and microvilli. Its lining is covered by simple columnar cells. These villi contain venules and arterioles for blood supply and transportation of absorbed food. Both the duodenum and the ileum have four layers namely the mucosal layer that has lamina propria and muscularis mucosa lined with simple columnar epithelium (lamina epithelialis) that has enterocytes as well as goblet cells for mucus production, submucosa, muscularis propria and the serosa. (Lowe, Anderson Stevens, 2015). Fig 1.0: Histological structures of the stomach Fig 1.1: Histological structures of the ileum (a) (i) Intracellular digestion is the breakdown of particles of substances within the cells with the aid of enzymes such as hydrolytic enzyme released by lysosomes. (ii) Extracellular digestion is a breakdown of food substances into smaller particles outside the body cells such as within cavities such as the buccal cavity and the stomach. (iii) Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown through chewing and other means of ingested substances into smaller particles (Wingerd, 2014). (iv) Chemical digestion is the breakdown of ingested food into simpler building blocks of a nutrient with the help of chemicals such as enzymes and hydrochloric acid. (b) The ham sandwich of bread, butter and ham has three major nutrients which are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. With bread, starch, in the mouth, it is partially broken down by salivary amylase to form maltose. In the duodenum, the remaining sugars are acted upon by pancreatic amylase to form more maltose. In the small intestines, maltase enzyme further breaks down maltose into glucose molecules. Further, sucrose and lactase digest sucrose and lactose respectively into glucose and fructose, galactose and glucose in that order. These end molecules are readily absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestines (McArdle, Katch Katch, 2014). Fats in butter are acted on by salivary and gastric lipases to hydrolyze them to glycerol and fatty acids. In the small intestines, bile salts secreted from the gall bladder aid in further emulsification. The pancreatic lipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase, and phospholipase chemically break down the fats and lead to end resultant substances: monoglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, lysolecithin, and glycerol. These elements are made soluble by mixing with micelles after which they are delivered to the intestinal epithelial cells brush-border membrane and diffuse into the cells and into the bloodstream via the lymphatic system. Ham, protein is digested in the stomach and duodenum where it is enzymatically broken down by pepsin-trypsin and chymotrypsin into dipeptides and eventually into amino acids which are absorbable in the small intestines (Lipski, 2012). Lacteals are part of the lymphatic system in the villi. Their primary function is to provide absorption mechanisms of molecules that are too large to pass and be transported in the bloodstream through capillaries in the villi. Similarly, these capillaries play a role in the transportation of absorbed small sized nutrients such as glucose, mineral salts, and vitamins through the bloodstream (Davenport, 2015). Fig 1.2: Lacteal and blood capillaries in the villus References Barrett, K Ganong, W 2012,Ganong's review of medical physiology, McGraw-Hill Education LLC, New York. Davenport, H 2015,Physiology of the digestive tract: An introductory text, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago. Enger, E, Ross, F Bailey, D 2012,Concepts in biology, McGraw-Hill, New York. Elia, M Nutrition Society (Great Britain) 2013,Clinical nutrition, West Sussex:Wiley Blackwell, Chichester. Ferrera, L 2013,Focus on body mass index and health research, Nova Science Publishers, New York. Grodner, M, Escott-Stump, S Dorner, S 2016,Nutritional foundations and clinical applications: A nursing approach, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri. Katz, D, Friedman, R Lucan, S 2015,Nutrition in clinical practice: A comprehensive, evidence-based manual for the practitioner, Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia. Lipski, E 2012,Digestive wellness: Strengthen the immune system and prevent disease through healthy digestion, McGraw-Hill, New York. Lowe, J, Anderson, P Stevens, A 2015,Stevens Lowe's human histology, Elsevier/Mosby, Philadelphia. McArdle, W, Katch, F Katch, V 2014,Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Netter, F 2014, Atlas of human anatomy, Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia. Rolfes, S, Pinna, K Whitney, E 2015, Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition, Cengage Learning, Stamford. Shils, M Shike, M 2016,Modern nutrition in health and disease, Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia. Tamir, E 2012,The human body made simple, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Walker, R 2015,Human body, DK Publishers, New York. Vermeulen, A De, S 2012,New trends in body mass index research, Nova Biomedical/Nova Science Publishers, New York: Walter, P, Hornig, D, Moser, U European Academy of Nutritional Sciences 2013,Functions of vitamins beyond recommended dietary allowances, Karger, Basel. Wardlaw, G Byrd-Bredbenner, C 2013,Wardlaw's perspectives in nutrition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York. Wingerd, B 2014,The human body: Concepts of anatomy and physiology, Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Philadelphia.

Since no man has any natural authority over his fellows Essay Example

Since no man has any natural authority over his fellows Paper Rousseau endeavours to find a form of association which will defend the person and goods of each member with the collective force of all, and under which each individual, while uniting himself with others, obeys no-one but himself, and remains as free as before (p. 60). The solution to this conundrum is Rousseaus social contract where each one of us puts into the community his person and all his powers under the supreme direction of the general will; and as a body we incorporate every member as an indivisible part of the whole (p. 61). The people become a single unity with a will of its own and a common purpose. In effect man gives up completely his natural liberty and in return receives civil liberty. By renouncing natural liberty we are giving up the ability to indulge our animal desires but in return we gain a civil liberty, something we aspire to as an intelligent being and a man (p. 65). When man has civil liberty he is truly free because this requires obedience to a law that is his own. Civil liberty is not giving in to impulsive desires but instead the being faithful to second order desires. We will write a custom essay sample on Since no man has any natural authority over his fellows specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Since no man has any natural authority over his fellows specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Since no man has any natural authority over his fellows specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Real freedom does not lie in the satisfaction of animal impulses but in the satisfying of desires that men as rational beings desire. Mans interaction with others will require the use of reason and the use of will in order for him to subordinate immediate personal desire to a higher social good. When Rousseau talks of taking men as they are (p. 41), he doesnt insinuate the corrupt beings of contemporary society but instead natural man, men who are capable of rational thought and who are subject to morality. It is important to understand mans desire for self-preservation and his own self interest, it is the consideration of these factors that men will enter into a political society. The positive advantages gained from such an agreement will guarantee self-preservation and secure proprietorship but more importantly man acquires moral freedom. Rousseau maintains that to be governed by appetite alone is slavery, [but] obedience to a law one prescribes to oneself is freedom (p. 65). As soon as man follows order instead of impulse his existence is given elevation and importance that are unknown to man in his state of nature. Rousseau is clear in his belief that it is only the participation in political society that can transform man from a stupid and limited animal (p. 65). Man having surrendered his natural liberty now submits himself to the general will (p. 61). Consent is no longer sufficient to establish the legitimacy of the acts of sovereign, a man has no right to call another his slave, but only through consent of the slave which is indeed absurd1. Mans intrinsic freedom is realised by a submission to the general will because it can neither alienate any part of itself (p. 60) nor offend against any one of its members without offending the body (p. 60). If this social contract is adhered to then there cannot be a manifestation of any particular will or interest in conflict with the common interest. The social contract makes men equal by covenant and by right (p. 68) and it is Rousseaus intention to bring together individuals in a way that gives them a collective expression and a collective force. It is with this knowledge that the individual will surrender his own limited power for the protection given by the combined power of the whole community. The concept of the collective force and sovereignty is irrelevant unless everyone without exception accepts it, for if any individual were to be considered exempt genuine political freedom is impossible. With the conditions being equal for all, namely the total alienation by each associate of himself and all his rights to the whole community (p. 60) and because all freely accept them; in obeying the supreme direction of the general will (p. 61), the citizens are obeying themselves and this is truly freedom. The citizens commit themselves on the same conditions and must enjoy the same rights; sovereignty becomes the guarantor of freedom but Rousseaus account of freedom is paradoxical. Man has to understand that his view point is false and his real will is to be identified with the community as a whole, whoever refuses to obey the general will shall be compelled to do so by the whole of society, which means nothing less than he will be forced to be free (p. 64). How can it be legitimate to force someone to be free? Such a statement seems to advocate a form of totalitarianism but despite any dark undertones conjured from such a statement there is an inclination to be sympathetic. Rousseau presents us with a situation where we all participate in governing ourselves as one body, what else are we to do when, in society someone wishes to undermine a system so legitimately formed? Natural freedom cannot be granted to individuals who would use it in a manner as to undermine the civil freedom we encompass as a body politic. We cannot allow democratic freedom to destabilise democracy itself. BIBLIOGRAPHY Penguin Classics, Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract Ronald Grimsley, The Philosophy of Rousseau, Oxford University Press, 1973 Anthony Harrison-Barbet, Mastering Philosophy, Macmillan Press, 1990 Asher Horowitz, Rousseau, Nature, and History, University of Toronto Press, 1987 1 Mastering Philosophy, Anthony Harrison-Barnet, Macmillan Master Series, 1990.