Essay on Biography of Barak Obama

Research Front Arnab B Chowdhury – Founder and Knowledge Architect, Ninad Consultancy Services www. ninad. in, [email  protected] in When Technology Meets Health Care in Knowledge Society†¦ Aurosiksha: online learning platform for blindness prevention workers â€Å"Intelligence and capability are not enough. There must also be the joy of doing something beautiful. Being of service to God and humanity means going well beyond the sophistication of the best technology, to the humble demonstration of courtesy and compassion to each patient. † – Dr. G Venkataswamy (Founder Chairman – Aravind Eye Care System) Abstract: This case study (www. urosiksha. org) is about two great movements one in Technology (the FOSS) and the other in Health Care – the Aravind Eye Care Systems (AECS) and LAICO that trains blindness prevention workers. At the con? uence of the two is an eLearning platform called Aurosiksha, which is based on Moodle. Aurosiksha seeks to r each out to the global user, share its rich knowledge base, and in the process create a community of lifelong learners. Keywords: FOSS, ICT, LMS, MOODLE, mLearning, Mobile Moodle, AECS, Aravind, Aravind Eye Care System, Vision 2020, WHO, LAICO, Aurosiksha, eLearning Platform, knowledge society, ocial health care. Introduction As we all know, the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) movement began as a renegade call to what was felt to be increasing restrictions on collaborative development, distribution, and ownership of software[2]. Free software focuses on the philosophical freedoms (a matter of liberty rather than price) it gives to users, whereas open-source software focuses on the perceived strengths of its peer-topeer development model. Openness, coownership, and transparent collaboration continue to drive the FOSS movement. Development, modi? cation, ownership, and redistribution of software could now e cohesively managed by communities of like-minded developers. This also le d to an evolutionary model of copyright and licensing (GPL) ensuring community ownership. The FOSS movement has evolved from the stages of philosophy and licensing into a complex and pragmatic ecosystem for software production and distribution bene? ting humanity globally. FOSS has introduced technological self-reliance, efficient use and sharing of resources, and C SI Communications | June 2012 | 12 collaborative innovation  and development. One of the most signi? cant areas where the FOSS movement has made strides is in the ?eld of education.During the past decade, education has been rapidly reorganized to leverage information and communication technology (ICT) within the classic teaching-learning-assessing cycle. At the foundation of FOSS is a desire for an equitable and open model of access to knowledge. If one of the aims of FOSS technologies is dissemination of educational content, then Aurosiksha is a case in point. The Case Aurosiksha is an online learning management syste m (LMS). An initiative launched recently (25th July, 2011) in its beta version by Lions Aravind Institute of Community Ophthalmology (LAICO), established in 1992 with the support of he Lions Club International, SightFirst Program, and Seva Sight Program. LAICO is Asia's ? rst international training facility for the broad range of blindness prevention workers from India and other parts of the world. It contributes in improving the quality of eye care services through teaching, training, capacity building, advocacy, research, and management consultancy. It offers university-affiliated long-term courses in Eye Care Management, with eye care management programs for directors of eye hospitals, program managers, as well as several skill development courses in the areas of instrument maintenance, community utreach and social marketing, counseling in India, Africa, and South East Asia. LAICO accomplishes this objective within the broader environment of Aravind Eye Hospitals and Aravind Medi cal Research Foundation – all aspects of AECS. Headquartered at Madurai, India, AECS is the world’s largest eye care service provider, which performs 300,000 surgeries per year. Aravind Eye Care was founded and directed by the legendary Padmashree Dr. G Venkataswamy known as Dr. V. Fig. 1: Inspiration and Inspirer www. csi-india. org Fig. 2: LAICO's global reach Designated by the World Health Organization as a Collaborating Centre forPrevention of Blindness, Aravind is studied as a model in prestigious business schools around the world, including Harvard, Stanford, Michigan, IMD-Lausanne, and the Indian Institutes of Management. Currently, LAICO works with over 270 hospitals across the developing world replicating Aravind model of high-quality, low-cost eye care service delivery. Followup studies have shown that several of the programs exposed to the Aravind model have doubled (and in some cases even tripled) surgical productivity and as a result are now ? nancially se lf-sustaining. †¢ †¢ 270+ hospitals (and still growing) that are partnering with Aravind?How do we create courses that cover the broad needs of our trainees that include paraprofessionals, ophthalmologists, eye care program managers, administrators, and others? How do we continue to empower our all-women team of paraprofessionals who form the backbone (about 60%) of Aravind’s workforce? Since †¢ †¢ most of them come from humble, rural background and are trained as assistants and nurses, can this eLearning platform give them the opportunity for continuous training? How can eLearning work consciously toward the empowerment of women and gender equality – an important objective within the Millennium Development Goals?How do we collate, aggregate content to create an interactive Knowledge society The Challenge The real challenge for knowledge society then is in creating equal opportunity in offering the ability to access, to create, to develop, and to ut ilize the right information at the right time in a cost-effective manner. This applies to the public (consumer) as well as the service provider professionals. In this case study, we focus on a decisive initiative with the objective of providing quality training and management skills via the virtual medium for eye care, which is an important area of social health care. †¢ How do we train more than 10,000 lindness prevention workers worldwide, year after year, across Education FOSS ICT Aurosiksha AECS LAICO Education & Management Fig. 3: The case for Aurosiksha C SI Communications | June 2012 | 13 ophthalmic technology evolving so quickly, everyone recognizes the importance of keeping our eye care management skills and knowledge up-todate for the bene? t of our patients. The eLearning solution will allow especially the paramedics to access continuous educational opportunities over the Internet and provide a valuable forum for our members/experts to exchange views and tap into the expertise of their colleagues and fellow olleagues around the world. † Aurosiksha has leveraged ICT in an inclusive way. It is meant Fig. 4: Aurosiksha home page and introduction to provide a one-point Internet access to eye training mechanism that does care training for professionals worldwide justice to the enormous data and with the premise that ‘up to 80% of experiences that Aravind has the world's blindness is avoidable†¦ ’ collected over decades and share it where ‘avoidable blindness is de? ned as with the world so that other blindness blindness which could be either treated prevention professionals and social or prevented by entrepreneurs may feel inspired to nown, cost-effective create Aravinds elsewhere? means’ (VISION 2020 †¢ How do we create a viable way Action Plan 2006to share this ocean of aggregated 2010  © World Health experiences into meaningful content Organization). harvested since 1976? The Solution †¢ How do we instill the Aravind model into our courseware? Especially since Aurosiksha – the the Aravind model needs to be ‘lived’ need of the times and ‘experienced’ as a broad set of LAICO came up values of service, compassion, and with Aurosiksha to self-reliance at its core, along with enhance the reach and management principles that identify quality of education uality care and efficiency that drawn from the rich Aravind stands for? knowledge base that These were perhaps the broad AECS has harvested questions that LAICO asked itself after it since 1976. In this age trained and consulted 60 hospitals in 29 of knowledge society, [1] countries and 213 hospitals in India . its four essential On the eve of the launch of characteristics Aurosiksha, Mr. R D Thulasiraj, Executive digitization, Director (LAICO) said, â€Å"I think this immediacy, is a very important development and virtualization, and underscores the AECS’s commitment globalization – drive to continually enhance the range of nowledge sharing. services we offer to eye care service. With C SI Communications | June 2012 | 14 Aurosiksha was developed and implemented by the LAICO team with the help of instructional designers who joined the AECS as volunteers for the sole purpose of developing its own online educational program. Promoting lifelong learning The goal is to allow all users to take highly engaging and interactive units in order to learn about the theories, techniques, and practical aspects of both clinical and nonclinical management. The idea is to provide an online space where AECS staff can learn, share, and develop their nowledge of providing the best eye care services in all aspects ranging from fundamental concepts to advanced skills using assessed, accredited, and selfre? ective activities and resources. The program The program includes: †¢ Courses & stand-alone sessions: These have been developed by internal and external subject matter experts (SMEs) with the assistance of instructional designers and technicians by using standard training curriculum. They are also assisted by JCPHO, ICO, and other professionals from leading noneye care institutes, such as the Indian Institutes of Management (IIM). Quality Fig. 5: Course on cataract ww. csi-india. org Camstasia studio Moodle environment MOODLE usability Pedagogy Technology: MOODLE Information transfer †¢ Add resources (docs, web links) †¢ Forum †¢ Wiki †¢ Glossary †¢ Lessons †¢ Assignments Communication and interaction Assessment of learning †¢ Tests †¢ Discussion forum Co-creation of content †¢ Quiz (self-test) †¢ Lessons †¢ Assignments †¢ Discussion forum †¢ Wiki †¢ Database Articulate quizmaker Fig. 6: The Moodle-based Aurosiksha environment check is performed by including sessions in Aravind’s acclaimed training program. The material is interactive with voice narration, with short quizzes in between ideos to assess the learning. †¢ Assessment with immediate feedback: Assessment is featured in different ways like an organized discussion forum, Q forum, blogs (students are allowed to create), and exercises/quiz. After quiz/exercises, immediate feedback will be given to the student on each submit. For example, if a student chooses a wrong answer, the feedback will spell out why the answer is incorrect and give the correct answer to ensure learning is happening with each and every activity. †¢ Course completion tracking: The tracking feature controls the student/ teacher to provide a better learning/ teaching experience.The tool gives accurate course completion and grading report. This includes customized reports for the bene? ciaries on the impact side. Selecting the tool – a con? uence of spirit and values LAICO’s systems division began with an open mind and explored various Content Management Systems (CMS) and related technologies (Course Manageme nt Systems) both proprietary and FOSS, such as WizIQ, Joomla! , ConferenceXP (an open-source videoconferencing platform from Microsoft Research), and MOODLE (abbreviation for Modular ObjectOriented Dynamic Learning Environment). Echoing Aravind’s values – quality, compassion, self-reliance – Aurosiksha’s bjectives resonated with Moodle. At its core, Moodle is an educational software grounded in a philosophy of collaborative learning, often referred to as social constructionist pedagogy. Additionally, Aurosiksha’s pedagogical approach matched with that of Moodle. The organization and design of Moodle’s interface supports learners and learning tasks, rather than technology and tools. Moodle presented the ideal vehicle for Aurosiksha. LAICO adapted its knowledge resources to the Moodle mould; customization was minimal. It was a happy con? uence of technology and LAICO vision; both shared the same spirit and values.Moodle is based on a social co nstructionist approach, which helps us understand how learning happens in a group and how learning is a product of innumerable human choices. Moodle was built with elements and tools that embody pedagogical understanding. A Moodlebased course can consist of lessons, including reading materials, activities (such as quizzes and projects), and social events that encourage participation between students. In Aurosiksha, one ? nds the Camstasia Studio software to be integrated in Moodle for quality and streaming-like videos for the audiovisual elements in its courses. Similarly, Articulate Quizmaker andles the self-test modules at the end of the lessons. An open (institutional) learning environment Cloud environment Educational institutional environment WEB PAGES Student ID database se Student information system WEB 2. 0 apps Assessment tools Proprietary and licensed content Collaboration tools Student generated content Personal publishing tools Open content Fig. 7: Open learning environm ent C SI Communications | June 2012 | 15 Fig. 8: Beta users statistics As Aurosiksha grows in terms of content repository, user base, and feedback from users, it will trigger a proportionate scaling in features, tools, and technologies ithin and outside Moodle. The following pointers can be considered for Aurosiksha’s future: †¢ Interoperability: Aurosiksha may want to communicate and share its data with that of other medical research institutions. It also needs to be SCORM-compliant (Sharable Content Object Reference Model). †¢ Deeper reach with low-cost handheld devices and low Internet bandwidth leading to low footprint m-learning: With greater penetration of ICT and hand-held devices ranging from tablets (such as Akash) to mobile phones (voice and short messaging services), a strippeddown version of Aurosiksha can be An open learning environment:Moodle and Aurosiksha Apart from being part of FOSS family and therefore free, Moodle is an Open Source Course Managem ent System (CMS). It is also known as an LMS or a virtual learning environment (VLE) and is very popular among educators around the world as a tool for creating online dynamic web sites for their students. Aurosiksha as the learning arm of LAICO-AECS is an experiment in a similar space, moving from Constructionism to Constructivism – an environment in which human beings don’t just act (Construct) but also make sense of their actions as a group (Constructivist). This happens as humans make sense of reality, learn and reate new knowledge continuously while learning. Effective learning happens while learners are in an actively constructing knowledge mode rather than in a passive reading, viewing, and memorizing mode. The kind of knowledge generated impacts attitudes of learners, which in turn re? ects in their actions (practice). Aurosiksha is a Community of Learners in the making, offering insight and reaching out with a sense of service. Future Direction Aurosiksha, in its beta stage, is currently being tested by over 500 beta testers worldwide that range from paraprofessionals, managers, eye care professionals to faculty members.C SI Communications | June 2012 | 16 Fig. 9: Course creation www. csi-india. org †¢ Mentor-guided courseware †¢ Turnitin (functionality to let the student submit assignments) Acknowledgment Fig. 10: E- and M-learning: logical system architecture †¢ a source of knowledge to especially paraprofessionals on the ? eld. Extensive reach with browserbased handheld devices leading to m-learning: With proliferation of 3G and upcoming 4G, Aurosiksha can be experienced on devices, such as iPhone, iPad, and Android-based phones quite extensively with Mobile Moodle (a set of mobile apps and server components from Moodle). †¢ †¢Right now, Google Analytics and Google Maps are being applied to study the online learning behavior of the beta users. This initiative could be further explored with other statistics gen erated dynamically. Relevant pedagogical applications that can be included (already available in Moodle) are as follows: †¢ Grade report †¢ Timer-based courseware Fig. 11: Google maps: geographical spread of beta users We wish to thank Mr. R D Thulsiraj (Director – Operations, AECS; Executive Director – LAICO) and Dr. R D Ravindran (Chairman and Director – Quality, AECS) for all the insightful and frank conversations we had with them. We thank Prof.R K Shyamasundar (Faculty of Technology & Computer Science – Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) and Mr. M D Agrawal (President – Computer Society of India) for their encouragement. We acknowledge the spirit of FOSS and the World Wide Web (WWW) to continue to grow as active members of the knowledge society they foster. Finally we wish to acknowledge the spirit and values of Dr. G Venkataswamy (Dr. V) that pulsate through everything that Aravind is and does. We bow with deep reverence to the spiritual teachers of Dr. V: Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. References [1] P. Mehta, and S Shenoy, In? nite vision: how Aravind became the orld’s greatest business case for compassion, 1st ed. , Berrett—Kohler Publishers Inc. San Francisco [2] Satish Babu, â€Å"The FOSS Movement and its impact on Education†, CSI Communications, vol. 35, Issue 6, September 2011, pp. 19-20 [3] http://moodle. org/about [4] http://aravind. org/ [5] http://laico. org/ [6] http://aurosiksha. org/ [7] h ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Free_ and_open_source_software [8] h t t p : //w w w. i f o s s f. o r g /i f o s s f _ library_0 [9] h ttp://www. vision2020india. org / orbiscourse/homepage. htm [10] h ttp://www. vision2020. org/main. cfm? Type=NI=4460 [11] h ttp://www. ats-pyjamas. net / wp-content /uploads/2010/05/ M o o d l e To o l G u i d e fo r Te a c h e rs _ May2010_JS. pdf n Selected among the top 4 papers expressing ‘Collaboration for inclusive growth' at   SEARCC 2011    seminar (South East Asia Regional Computer Confederation, Mumbai, December 2011) [With inputs from Prarthana Kalaskar – Design Principal (Ninad), Remi Boutinet – Outreach Consultant (Ninad), Shwetav Agarwal – Solution Architect (Sri Aurobindo Institute of Culture), LAICO team (Deepa Krishnan – Senior Manager – Operations; Vinoth Palanichamy – Online Manager – Education)] C SI Communications | June 2012 | 17

Relating Pairs of Non-Zero Simple Zeros of Analytic Functions

Relating Pairs of Non-Zero Simple Zeros of Analytic Functions Edwin G. Chasten June 9, 2008 Abstract We prove a theorem that relates non-zero simple zeros sol and z of two arbitrary analytic functions f and g, respectively. Preliminaries Let C denote the set of Complex numbers, and let R denote the set of real numbers. We will be begin by describing some fundamental results from complex analysis that will be used in proving our main lemmas and theorems.For a description of the basics of complex analysis, we refer the reader to the complex analysis text Complex Variables for Mathematics and Engineering Second Edition by John H. Mathews. The following theorems have particular relevance to the theorems we will be proving later in this paper, and will be stated with out proof, but proofs can be found in [1]. Theorem 1 (Deformation of Contour)(Mathews) If CLC and ca are simple positively oriented contours with CLC interior to ca , then for any analytic function f defined in a domain conta ining both contours, the following equation holds true [1]. F (z)adz -? CLC f (z)adz Proof of Theorem 1 : See pages 129-130 of [1]. The Deformation Theorem basically tells us that if we have an analytic function f defined on an open region D of the complex plane, then the contour integral off long a closed contour c about any point z in D is equivalent to the contour integral of f along any other closed contour co enclosing that same point z. The Deformation Theorem allows us to shrink a contour about a point z arbitrarily close to that point, and still be guaranteed that the value of the contour integral about that point will be unchanged.This property will be instrumental in the proof of a lemma we will be using in proving our main result that relates all ordered pairs (zoo , sol ) of non-zero simple zeros, zoo and sol , of any two arbitrary analytic functions, f and g, each having one of those points as a simple zero. This powerful result is both non-trivial, and counter-intuitiv e: there is no reason to think right owe that all pairs of non-zero simple zeros of analytic functions are related.The result is non-trivial because our result only works for pairs of non-zero simple zeros and does not in general carry over to more than two non-zero simple zeros. All of the statements above will be proven rigorously The author wishes to proper special thanks to Sean Apple, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman for all of their insights and contributions to making this paper possible. Without each one of them, none of what is in this paper, however useful or not, would have been possible. In this paper.But before this, we wish to describe briefly one case where a more general result does hold; namely, that if the non-zero simple zeros of an analytic function g are closed under multiplication, then the non-zero simple zeros of any other arbitrary analytic function, say h, that is defined on a union of open regions in the complex plane containing all of the non-zero simple zeros of said function g, can be related using a slight modification of our main theorem to be proven. All but the last of these statements, too, will be proven rigorously in this paper, as the proof of he last statement is trivial.One particular application of this special case of our main theorem to be proved, is the reduction of the prime factorization problem down to evaluating contour integrals of any number of possible analytic functions over a closed contour. More specifically, the integral is taken over a closed contour containing information about the prime factors of a product of prime numbers. The product to be factored is contained in the argument of a product of analytic functions, f and g, each of whose only zeros in the complex plane occur at the integers, and the result is a factor of the product of prime numbers.This particular result was the main conclusion obtained via our two year research project consisting of the following researchers: Sean App le, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman, math instructor at Pierce Community College. Our collaborative research on the integer prime factorization problem was of great inspiration to the author in the formation of the generalization that is the main theorem of this paper.This main theorem, itself, is a generalization of some machinery we had together developed to reduce the prime factorization problem to evaluating contour integrals of the product f two specially chosen functions in the complex plane during the two year research project. The author wishes to thank Sean Apple, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman, for their inspiration and help in making this generalization possible, for without them, none of this, however useful or not, would have been discovered at this time.For the following discussion, see page 113 of [1] for a formal definition of a contour. Now we shall discuss some more theorems that will be instrumental in proving our main results. The following theorem is called Cauchy Integral Formula. It provides us a way to represent arbitrary analytic functions evaluated at a point z in the domain of definition of the function in terms of a contour integral. This highly famous result is extremely powerful, and has many applications in both physics and engineering [1].It is also instrumental in proving a most counter-intuitive result: that if a function f is determinable on an open subset of the complex plane (I. E. If f is analytic on an open subset of the complex plane), then f has derivatives of all orders on that set [1]. In other words, if a function f has a first derivative on an open subset f complex numbers, then it has a second derivative defined on the same open subset of complex numbers, and it has a third derivative defined on the same open subset of complex numbers and so on ad infinitum [1].Theorem 2 (Cauchy Integral Formula)(Mathews) Let f be analytic in the simply connected domain D, and let c be a simple closed positively oriented contour that lies in D. If zoo is a point that lies interior to c, then the following holds true [1]. adz Proof of Theorem 2: see page 141 of [1]. The following theorem is called Leibniz Rule and along with Cauchy Integral Formula is instrumental in proving what is known as Cauchy Integral Formula for Derivatives, which has as a corollary, that functions that are analytic on a simply connected domain D, have derivatives of all orders on that same set [1].Without this theorem, we would need much stronger assumptions in the premise of our theorem relating pairs of non-zero simple zeros of analytic functions. Although we shall not use Leibniz rule directly in any of our proofs, Leibniz rule together with Cauchy Integral Formula form the back-bone of the machinery in the proof of Cauchy Integral Formula for Derivatives given in [1] on page 144, which we shall only outline. 2 Theorem 3 (Leibniz Rule)(Mathews) Let D be a simply connected domain, and let I : a t 0 b be an interval of real numbers.Let f (z, t) and its partial derivative fez (z, t) with respect to z be continuous functions for all z in D, and all t 2 1. Then the following holds true [1]. B f (z, t)dot fez (z, t)dot is analytic for z 2 D, and Proof of Theorem 3: The proof is given in [2]. The following Theorem is called Cauchy Integral Formula for derivatives and allows one to express the derivative of a function f at a point z in the domain off by a onto integral formula about a contour c containing the point z in its interior.The formula shows up in the remainder term in the proof of Tailor's Theorem. The remainder term mentioned above is used in the proof of Theorem (10), our main result. Theorem 4 [1](Mathews) Let f : D ! C be an analytic function in the simply connected domain D. Let be a simple closed positively oriented contour that is contained in D. If z is a point interior to c, then n! Ads z)n+l Proof of Theorem 4: We give here a sketch of the proof appearing in [1] . The proof is inductive and starts with the parameterization C : s = s(t) ND Ads = s (t)dot for a 0 t 0 b.Then Cauchy Integral formula is used to rewrite f in the form O f (s(t))so (t) dot s(t) z The proof then notes that the integrands in (B) are functions of z and t and the f and the partial derivative off with respect to z, fez , are derived and then Leibniz rule is applied to establish the base case for n = 1. Then induction is applied to prove the general formula. The main point of this is Corollary (5. 1) in [1] on page 144, which states that if a function f is analytic in a domain D, then the function has derivatives 3 of all orders in D, and these derivatives are analytic in D.Without this corollary, we could not relate the non-zero simple zeros of analytic functions as stated in Theorem (10); instead, the best we could do is to relate the non-zero simple zeros of functions whose second derivative exists on the intersection of the domains of the functions that contain the p air of non-zero simple zeros of the pair of given functions. But with Corollary (5. 1), we need only assume analyticity of the functions in question at the non-zero simple zeros, which significantly strengthens the results of our paper.Below we will give the definition of what is known in complex and real analysis as a ere of an analytic function f of a given order k, where k is a non-negative integer. What the order of a zero z tells us is how many of the derivatives of the function f are zero at z in addition to f itself. What is known is that if two functions, f and g, have a zero of order k and m, respectively, at some point zoo in the complex numbers, then the product of the two function f and g, denoted f g, will have a zero of order k + m at the point zoo [1].

Mechanical Engineering History Essay

At the start of the Industrial Revolution, in the 18th century the steam engine was first produced. From this production it gave an enormous start to all machinery of any type and every type. As a result, a new major classification of engineering was formed due to the intuition of machines and tools being developed. Soon after this, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers was founded in Birmingham, England in 1847. â€Å"Scientists investigate that which already is; Engineers create that which has never been.† (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering†) In this quote, Albert Einstein explains that engineering is essential to societal advancement and what is will never be without engineering. Henry Petroski helps informs the public that, Engineers do not have supernatural abilities. They are not perfect. It is not natural for them to not make mistakes. One can forgive their mistakes, but it is essential for one to catch and correct them. Therefore it is the nature of modern engineering for engineers to check over one’s own work and calculations along with the work of their collogues. Being an engineer is a serious profession, â€Å"You are looking at a â€Å"professional degree† rather than an arts degree or a science degree. Many people would say that the engineering degree is consistent with a law degree. I am not sure I agree but it is different than a physical education degree. And, by the way, the earning potential is greater, too† (Blackmon) says Professor Blackmon, one of UNC Charlotte’s professors’ and advisor for Mechanical Engineering. According to Blackmon, a freshman mechanical engineer needs to expect â€Å"to know that they will be spending a lot of time learning over the next four years.† They will also need to know that they will be placed in â€Å"Calculus1, ENGR1201 and CHEM1251†. In the engineering program at UNC Charlotte, there are two pathways, Engineering and Engineering-Tech. Blackmon states that the main difference between the two is that, â€Å"engineering is calculus based with a physics based curriculum, and technology is algebra based and algebra based physics based† (Blackmon). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 2011 there was a national total of 238,260 mechanical engineers in the USA. Fifty percent of these mechanical engineers made at least $38.09 an hour on the job. At this hourly rate, these ME’s made $79,230 annually. (â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers†). Professor Blackmon tells me that here at UNC Charlotte, â€Å"we have mechanical engineering going into most any industry and most any specialty. They are in energy, motorsports, medicine, robotics, space exploration, etc. I am not sure of any real project that cannot benefit from the support of a mechanical engineer.† Also at UNC Charlotte, graduates who have at least a 3.4 GPA tend to find a job even before they graduate. Graduation to about sixty percent of UNC Charlotte’s graduates happens in about six years; only twenty-two percent of freshman graduate in four years. According to Blackmon, â€Å"Our results are about the same for all engineering schools† (Blackmon). A mechanical engineer requires many traits and qualities that most individuals may not know. These characteristics include and follow what is stated in the quote below: Mechanical engineers are characterized by personal creativity, breadth of knowledge, and versatility. They are also valuable and reliable multidisciplinary team members. The technical subject areas that form the main basis for their work include mechanics, energy transfer and conversion, design and manufacturing, and the engineering sciences. A good understanding of English and mathematics is also crucial to this kind of profession. (â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major†) There wouldn’t be new inventions or products made without engineering. Becoming an ME is not easy it takes many years of experience, knowledge in the field, much dedication and perseverance. Works Cited â€Å"An Excellent Collection of Engineering Quotes.† Articlesbase.com. Articlesbase.com, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Mechanical Engineering.† Britannica.com. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Mechanical Engineering Major.† MyMajors. My Majors, 2012. Web. 30 Sep 2012. . â€Å"17-2141 Mechanical Engineers.† Bls.gov. 27 Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . Blackmon, Don. Personal Interview. 11 Oct. 2012.

Empolyee relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Empolyee relations - Essay Example However, as the marketplace became sophisticated and costs continue to increase, which had posed some threat to the companys operations, Modern Foods Limited had to check its strategy and revise its old policies in order to adapt to change. Some of these policies include those of human resource functions. In order to compete during these harsher times, the company must turn to its employees as a source of competitive advantage in the process. According to the case, Modern Foods Limited started as a small family firm that sold sausages and other poultry products in East Anglia. As the company had evolved and was acquired by the holding company IVECTO, no major changes in terms of the companys operations had been made in terms of incorporating technology in the companys human resource management function. According to the companys history, this could be traced back to IVECTOs passive handling of the affairs of the company that it had acquired. Although Modern Foods Limited had been acquired by this holding company, IVECTO was not active in terms of management. This meant that the old practices and processes in the old company, as long as it was making IVECTO some profits in terms of targets would remain unchanged, or at least major changes were not incorporated. Without any driving force behind the change and incorporation of technology in the human resource function of Modern Foods Limited, as stated in the case, the Human Resource function among sites were not linked and integrated into one corporate network to facilitate the communications between production units. This could be largely due to the companys management history which was not affected by the acquisition process. In assessing the case, it can be seen that the company had faced relatively little market pressure in the past, as it was able to expand smoothly to major markets within the UK and some other markets in Europe. Because market pressure was low, there was little incentive for the company to

Describing a Memorable Meal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describing a Memorable Meal - Essay Example   The reason is that all of these things came around once each year so it was more like a ritual or a habit rather than a celebration. The time that I remember the most is when my family and I went on our holiday out of the country. It was to a small island located in the Caribbean, and it was a special moment in my childhood. The setting was remarkable as the waves crashed against the shore while a magnificent sunset occurred daily. There was one restaurant on that island that I shall never forget because of the awesome feeling I got from the delicious food that they served. Once we arrived to eat, the waiters and waitresses came to take our order. My siblings and I were given permission from our parents to select whatever dish or dishes we wanted because we would likely never be able to return here again. As all kids do, I immediately fixed my eyes on the most expensive item on the menu. It did not occur to me at that young age that price doesn’t necessarily equate to quality, but that did not matter to me. I was feeling famished and I couldn’t wait to tuck into the most delicious dinner dish I had ever tasted. While we were waiting for our food to arrive, we noticed the ambiance in this particular restaurant. There was a young lady quietly playing the violin over in the corner, while the flickering lights created a sense of calm over the whole place. After some time our food was brought out to us; not the main course, just the entrà ©e. As I chose not to order one of these, I had to wait a little bit longer for my food. After the rest of my family had finished their appetizers, we noticed a long-bearded man come into the room and begin to play his guitar. He was quite talented with this musical instrument, and the remarkable sound coming from his guitar kept our minds off the impending arrival of our main courses.  Ã‚  

Coventry's contribution to transportation Essay

Coventry's contribution to transportation - Essay Example The automotive industry in the United Kingdom- UK dates back to the end of the 19th century. During the 1950’s, the car manufacturing industry in the UK became the second largest in the globe falling behind to the United States (NAIGT 2008, p.89). At the time, the UK was the largest exporter of cars. In the decades following the 1950’s, the industry faced greater competition from other car manufacturing nations such as France, Japan and Germany. This led to a fall in growth of the industry. By 2008, statistics showing the production of cars by volume ranked the UK as the 12th largest car manufacturer. As competition in car making rose during after 1950, so too did the number of foreign car manufactures rise in the country (Tom, Jason & Clive 2012, p. 54). Companies such as BMW, TATA, and Volkswagen Group invaded the industry. Foreign company groups also claim a large percentage of ownership in traditional British car brands such as Rover, Triumph and Riley (Wells 2010, p. 103). Below is a picture of a Triumph Dolomite sprint car that got manufactured between 1973 and 1980; The Coventry motor industry has experienced innovations and inventions over the years as it faces competition and pressures from the market. The industry has invested heavily in modular design and technology in response to other competing automotive firms in other countries (Tom, Jason & Clive 2012, p. 13). ... This becomes possible through the industry’s extremely sophisticated systems integration skills. The industry has also seen massive technological progress since its inception. The industry has incorporated vital features to ensure vehicle safety (Tom & David 2000, p. 118). Technological progress has also seen the industry focus on issues such as fuel economy, environmental impact, comfort, performance and versatility. Technology and modern management skills have led to transformation of the industry through cutting edge design analysis, lightweight materials, extension of digital control to enable most car functions. Coventry has recently assisted in developing cars that embrace green technology such as electric cars and hydrogen powered vehicles (NAIGT 2008, p.65). The image below represents the technological advancements in green technology by the industry; Part 2: Report One sector that makes up the Coventry automotive industry gets to be research and development- R&D. the efforts of Coventry’s R&D get geared towards a technology roadmap that makes use of relevant resources to build cars that meet the consumers’ demands and environmental demands. This paper will analyze the R&D segment of Coventry’s automotive industry to determine its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Success of the industry’s R&D will ensure that the industry remains competitive and relevant in the current global automotive industries (NAIGT 2008, p.59). The current global targets in transport aim towards decarbonizing the system by 2050, improving vehicle performance, safety and designs. R&D expenditures represent key information on the sustainability of an industry. The R& D represent an

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data Essay

Thesis that uses your original profile and your newly collected data to clearly present your point to your audience - Essay Example It has been observed that the most significant qualities of a transformational leader are strong execution skills, leading by example and the ability to sense what requires change. The existence of a truly ‘transformational’ leader was identified James MacGregor Burns who differentiated between leaders who were transactional in nature and those who were transformational in nature. The latter were defined as those that brought about some considerable, constructive change in the mindset of the organization and its employees through the use of powerful vision and motivational tactics to enable the various organizational actors to look beyond their immediate self-interests and work for the interest of the entire organization (Burns). However, this definition is criticized on the grounds that the pressing need and struggle for bringing â€Å"change† can divert the efforts of the followers away from the core tasks. For example, a school principal who insists on change management will hamper students’ learning by forcefully engaging them in CSR activities and taking time away from them. The CSR program is designed to enhance the level of ed ucational standards within institutions and is funded by the state (U.S Department of Education). The purpose of this program is to enable students of all levels to achieve the high academic standards set by the state after thorough research (U.S Department of Education). Schools are then required to fulfill the eleven aspects of this reform. These components include professional development of staff, setting up of SMART goals, parental involvement in bringing about improvements as well as the use of an external partner that assists the school in implementing these reforms (U.S Department of Education). The fact that the most significant quality is that of having a strong vision is also heavily debated. There are leaders who have an excellent vision, they know where to get but either do not know how to get there or

Report of investing in London office market Essay

Report of investing in London office market - Essay Example fully analyse different elements influencing the market before investing in it in order to make sure that the investment is profitable in long run (Ball, Lizieri, and MacGregor, 1998). For this purpose, the economic, political, institutional, social, legal, and many other factors are explored and investigated to understand and comprehend the future implications for the London office market. Apart from this the supply and demand and other important elements like property planning and pipeline projects with reference to the different regions and breakup of the overall London office market have been explored and analysed in order to get better understanding of the overall market and industry. London is considered as major financial hub not only of UK where major business giants are operating their businesses. It is considered as one of the command sector of the global economy. This feature of London makes it more appealing city for foreign investors. London economy can be best measured through Gross value added (GVA) which demonstrates the contribution of not only individual industries or sectors but also the individual producers present and working in the boundaries of London. The GVA also measured the income generated from employment by production of goods and services. The latest data of Gross value added produced by ONS in December 2011, London contributed 21% of the whole UK and per head which is around  £35,026 (more than  £15,000 than UK average) in 2010 (The Guardian, 2012). According to the research conducted by the city group, London is likely to have more GDP than any other city in the world from by 2025 due to its exceptional growing financial service. Currently it is the one of the tenth largest GDP contributor in the world in term of US dollar. A recent research conducting for London offices shows that almost 60% of the commercial property investment in central London was made by foreign investors from 27 countries in 2011 which is considered as

The TED Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The TED Assignment - Research Paper Example In this essay I will discuss a few of the videos and how they believe one should lead their lives. The first video I saw was by Amy Purdy who lost her legs due to bacterial meningitis. At that time, she was devastated and wondered how she was going to fulfil her dream of traveling the world and of snowboarding. But then she realized that she had an option to take her life in the direction she wanted to take. So she accepted the fact that she doesn’t have real legs anymore and will have to bear with the artificial ones. She imagined herself to keep walking, helping people and snowboarding again. And this is the life she chose. She became creative about the artificial legs and customized them according to her needs. She failed, slipped, fell many times, but she would not let go of hope that easily. This was when she understood one of the most important life’s lessons: Obstacles do only two things to you-make you stop or force you to be creative. (Purdy, 2011) Her story tells you that one has two options when faced by a real tragedy: you can whine, be depressed, let go of hope and life or look right into the eyes of the world and follow your dreams irrespective of how many obstacles lay in front of you. These obstacles might stop you from doing something the way normally people do, but they also help you to imagine and discover new ways of following your dreams, living life to the fullest and being happy. Another speaker at Ted, Shawn Achor, a researcher and teacher of positive psychology talks about the formula of happiness. He argues that we always talk about what average people think, believe and do. We research on people and we generalize them as average people. He believes that â€Å"if we study what is merely average, we will remain average†. Furthermore he talks about the general perception of life and happiness. He argues that our happiness is mostly characterized by

Assessing HRD Need is Important in Developing Strategic HRD Essay

Assessing HRD Need is Important in Developing Strategic HRD - Essay Example Current paper focuses on the examination of a particular aspect of HRD: the development of strategic HRD process. Reference is made specifically to the relationship between this process and the assessment of HRD need. The examination of the literature published in the particular field has revealed that indeed the accurate and appropriate assessment of HRD need can increase the chances for the successful development of strategic HRD process; however, the terms under which the interaction between the above two activities/ processes can be developed are not always clear. It seems that the conditions in the internal and the external organizational environment can affect the level at which the assessment of HR need affects the development of strategic HRD process. All the potential aspects of the above relationship are examined and critically analyzed in this paper using examples – as possible – from relevant organizational practices.   This paper stresses that  the establishment of HRD policies in the workplace has been proved to be a challenging task; despite their value, these policies have also important requirements, which have to be appropriately addressed so that the targets set by the planners of these policies to be achieved. The challenges that HRD policies have to face in the modern market can be understood by referring to their characteristics and common forms.  In this way also, the requirements of these policies will be clearer understood and justified.  

New York Times and Financial Times Differences of Informing Research Paper

New York Times and Financial Times Differences of Informing - Research Paper Example In the assessment, the divergence in the articles may be less accounted for by cultural differences, and more in line with differences in a vantage point with respect to the issue at bar. Assignment No. 3 Analyzing Reports on a Current Business Related Event: Germany’s Refusal to Share the EU Debt Burden Introduction The tenets of journalism require objective reporting, which is defined as: balance and even-handedness in presenting sides of an issue; accuracy and realism; separating facts from opinion; minimizing the influence of writer’s own attitude or opinion; and avoiding slant, rancor or devious purposes (Boyer, 1981, cited in Harcup, 2009: 83). Evidently, the purpose of news reporting is to filter out the reporter’s own sentiments which may unjustly color the report and mislead the readers. However, as Merrill’s paradox states, journalists desiring to give an honest and full account cannot detach themselves from their stories, and therefore subjectiv ity is essential to objective reporting (Russell, 2006: 40). ...While the apparent purpose of both articles is to inform on the facts of the event, they however inadvertently express the underlying sentiments of the writer and, apparently, the social perspectives which had given rise to them. In the choice of articles, opinion columns were avoided, since opinions of all kinds exist in all cultures. News stories were chosen because, despite attempts of the writer to remain objective, subjective elements subtly filter through which betray deep-seated social conditioning. The American (NYT) v the European (FT) writing styles. Evident in between the articles is a divergence of writing style. The New York Times article (denoted as NYT) adopted a more abrasive, combative writing style while that of the Financial Times (FT) was more subdued, less confrontational. Strong words were used throughout the article, such as in part. 1 (â€Å"stuck to her guns†), Mr. Monti’s â€Å"f ight with Germany† (par. 24) and par. 22 (â€Å"In his pointed comments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), the latter referring to Italy’s Mr. Monti’s comment about the president of the German central bank. NYT views the problem of common bonds as an external one, to it as well as to Germany, which appears to be justified in demanding a measure of control in exchange for sharing liability (â€Å"Control and liability must not be disproportionate to one another†, par. 2), which FT stresses that the problem is already systemic and threatens the whole of the Eurozone, Germany included, which should justify the debt-sharing (pars. 7-9).

According To Criminal Justice Today Essay Example for Free

According To Criminal Justice Today Essay â€Å"Modern sentencing practices are influenced by five goals, which weave their way through widely disseminated professional and legal models, continuing public calls for sentencing reform.† The five goals of contemporary sentencing are Retribution, Incapacitation, Deterrence, Rehabilitation and Restoration. We are going to discuss what each goal means for sentencing criminals. Retribution a demand for punishment based on a need for vengeance. This is the earliest known rationale for punishment. Early cultures would punish almost every offender almost immediately and without a hearing. Severe penalties like death and exile where common forms of punishment even for minor offenses in early societies. The term just deserts means the offenders sentencing holds that the offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law and the punishment should be appropriate with the type of crime. Incapacitation is the second goal of criminal sentencing and seeks to protect the innocent members of society from offenders who might harm them. Unlike retribution, incapacitation requires only restraint and not punishment like sending the offender to a correctional institution without imprisonment. The third example is deterrence. When you think of deterrence, it uses the example or threat of punishment that will convince people that committing crimes is not worth the penalty. Rehabilitation is the fourth example and brings about fundamental changes in offenders and their overall behavior. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to reduce the overall number of criminal offenses. Rehabilitation means to return a person to their previous condition. The final example is restoration. Restoration is a sentencing goal that seeks to address what damage was called by the offender that will make those who suffered whole again. This can range from victim’s assistance and/or supporting the victims with some form of compensations.

Psycho Cultural Conflict Theory

Psycho Cultural Conflict Theory According to the psycho-cultural conflict theory, identity is the most important need in the hierarchy of human needs and, when denied, results in violent conflict. The satisfaction of ones basic needs is intricately related to his/her identity. The Psycho-cultural Conflict Theory is similar to the Primordial approach to ethnicity which emphasizes the fact that peoples ethnicity (identity) is deeply rooted in their past. Irobi (2005) argues that memories of past traumas magnify peoples anxieties. This is as a result of ethnic identity which produces fear, hatred and, consequently, ethnic conflict among two ethnic groups which have a history of ethnic discrimination and stratification. Irobi posits that when an ethnic group has a history of being stereotyped and discriminated based on their ethnic identity from another group, it results in violent conflict since ethnic identity remains part and parcel of the entirety of an individual. Ethnic groups which have been discriminated against and stratified into lower class citizens always habour a feeling of marginalization of their identity and this produces strong feelings of hatred and resentment towards the other group which did the discrimination. This is what Richardson Jr. Sen (1996) call victim mentality. Irobi (2005) criticizes the inadequacy of modernization theory which holds that modernity will result in the dissolution of ethnic affiliation. H e observes that ethnicity is fixed and part of the identity of individuals and groups. Therefore, any marginalization of an ethnic group or discrimination against it based on ethnicity will receive strong resistance (conflict). This is particularly seen in the mobilizing role of ethnic identity. Psycho-cultural conflict theorists like Ross (1997) and Horowitz (1998) believe that conflicts which are caused by identity are usually dangerous, violent, intractable and highly protracted, and often very difficult to resolve. This is because identity which is at the centre of the conflict, is an unshakable sense of worth, which makes life meaningful and includes the feeling that one is physically, socially, psychologically and spiritually safe (Faleti, 2006, p. 51). When this feeling of safety (identity) is threatened, there is a defensive reaction aiming at protecting this at all costs and the result is violent conflict which becomes a matter of life and death. This tends to affect development since violence is perpetually continued affecting productive sectors of local economies. The psycho-cultural theory of conflict argues, therefore, that resolving this type of conflict is usually very difficult and tends to defy any resolution mechanism. There is always constant outbreak of violence with such conflicts despite attempts at resolving the conflict. Their resolution takes long and sometimes, it is not possible to talk of resolution, but management. This is because the issue of ethnic identity is uncompromising and its denial is a complete affront to the groups very existence. The outbreak of consistent violence as a result of this type of conflict makes life and security fragile, thereby affecting human well-being and development. Thus, the link between ethnic conflicts, their resolution and development is clearly seen. Due to the deep-seated, protracted and intractable nature of conflicts based on identity (ethnic conflict), their resolution remains very difficult and takes very long, and this produces strings of violence thereby affecting meaningful develop ment. Seymour (2003) therefore emphasized that identity influences the process of conflict and must not be overlooked when attempting to understand the origins of conflict and when planning its resolution. The psycho-cultural conflict theory has been heavily criticized by many scholars. The theory has been criticized for attributing the main basis of conflict and violence to identity based on ethnicity. Critics are quick to point out that there is a tendency for many people to label any conflict as ethnic identity based when that conflict exceedingly has a different cause (Tonah, 2007). Bowen (1996) contends that those conflicts which are said to be based on ethnic identity are products of modern politics. He argues that although people have had many identities for long, which are based on their culture (ethnicity), these people only began to see themselves as members of vast groups, opposed to each other only during the modern period of colonization. Bowen (1996) mentioned that the Rwandan, Burundian and Bosnian conflicts are politically based conflicts rather than ethnic identity conflicts, but these conflicts later assumed ethnic identity dimensions. Osaghae (2005) also argues that what is seen as ethnic conflict is not so, but elite manipulation of people to gain advantage of their political and personal ambitions. Ethnic identity, to him, is elitist manipulation of ethnicity to gain control over political power and what is seen as conflicts emanating from ethnic identity are not at all, but politically based conflicts. It is possible for elites to manipulate a group of people against each other. It is even possible for conflicts in some parts of Africa and other places to take ethnic dimensions even if the initial cause of the conflict is political, resource, religious or any other cause (Tonah, 2007). Ernest Penan (cited in Bowen, 1996) believes that ethnic identity is constructed by intellectuals for their personal interests and that ethnic identity is a set of ideas rather than peoples values in conflict. Chandra (2006) believes that ethnic identity does not matter or has not been shown to matter in explaining most outcomes of violence. Fearon Laitin (2000) also argue after an enquiry into the relationship between ethnic identity and violence that the mere observation that ethnic identities are socially constructed is not so. In conclusion, the Psycho-cultural Theory simply argues that identity based on ethnicity explains the main reason for conflicts in society. The weakness of the theory makes it imperative for this study to be able to properly identify the sources of ethnic conflict in the Bawku Traditional Area in order to devise appropriate resolution mechanisms to them. Conceptual framework It remains evident that development is meaningfully achieved through the existence of peace. Peace here refers to the absence of violent conflict and effective conflict resolution which both border on security. Ethnic conflicts, very often, are intractable conflicts which involve values, claim to status, identity, deprivation of needs and external factors such as political infiltrations (Coleman, 2000). Thus, ethnic conflicts are often protracted and remain very difficult to resolve and their continuous existence poses danger to local level development and they tend to seriously hinder security which is needed to ensure peace for development. Ethnic conflicts as shown in Figure 1 primarily result from past historical and colonial experiences which are further exacerbated by factors like lack of access to power, resources and ethnic marginalization/stereotypes which are magnified by peoples struggle for their ethnic identity. The continuous ethnic polarization through these factors leads to violence (conflict) which results in low investments in local economic activities/commerce, decreasing agricultural, educational and health standards, insecurity, high dependency ratio, loss of lives and low incomes for individuals and families. The end result of all these, as seen in Figure 1, is decreasing levels of socio-economic development. The effective resolution of ethnic conflicts can have positive implications for development. Schoeman (1998) argues that a society in which people are secure (when violent conflict is properly resolved or is absent), will: Enable people to develop their communities; Enable people to be architects of their own lives; Enable people to come together to pursue economic and other development; and Enable people to participate in the development of the society. In resolving ethnic conflicts , one needs to focus on satisfying the basic needs which have been deprived (UN DESA, 2001) and also creating a proportional equality in deep-rooted cultural and identity issues (Richardson Jr. Wang, 1993) using third party intervention and inter-group cooperation (Horowitz, 2000; Lipchitz Crawford, 1995). All of these can be done by effectively engaging the conflicting parties in mediation, inter-group dialogue and third party intervention using indigenous methods. Issues which are mostly root causes of conflict when tackled properly results in effective conflict resolution thereby trickling down to sustainable peace which has implications for local development. Effects Core Problem Low Investment due to insecurity Destruction of Property and infrastructure General Insecurity Low Agricultural Production Low commerce Refusal to accept posting Low Income Decreasing Educational and Health Standards Retarded Development Ethnic Conflict High Dependency Ratio Low Income Loss of Lives Low Income Poverty Struggle for Ethnic Identity Lack of Access to Power. e.g. Chieftaincy and Political Connections Past Historical and Colonial Experiences Ethnic Marginalization Causes Lack of Access to Natural Resources. e.g. Land Decreasing Levels of Social/Economic Development

Evolution of the Office Worker Role

Evolution of the Office Worker Role Office is the place where people carry out the daily work of their businesses. All the work is done by the support of management policies and co-ordinate the role of various department and sections. Office is the most important part of the organization. Because office provides the base to the organization. It is where all the administrative work of the organization carried out. Employees can meet face to face, so they can enjoy professional and social interactions during their work. To do their work requires suitable environment and sophisticated technologies. Now in modern world due to the rapid growth of technologies significantly effected on office work place. As computers replace the typewriter, servers replaced the bulk files, punching machine/card machine replaces the huge register, email and voice mail eliminates stackable inbox and telephone massage slips and many more. In other word we can say that the technological inventions bring the evolution to the role of office workers. roles of office workers An over view of the past The locally oriented American economy of the early 1800s did not need offices as we know them today. Business was run then much as it had been run for half a millennium. Goods were made, transported, and sold. With the help of a few clerks, merchants ran their small companies as family businesses. (education, 1998) .As the article says in past days the organizations are too small and very difficult to maintain the administrative works. Because of the equipments and technologies used in those days. In those days office environment is not so flexible as today. Because in early days office means a secretary and a clerk. They will carry out their work in a small room. They will do all the works by hand. Eg: writing letters and documents through hand, keeping financial records in huge log books, to keep all business records in huge files. 2.2 factors enforcing to evolution In early 1800s the time offices were born they use very limited equipments and technologies in their work. They use typewriters as main equipment in office to carry out the administrative works like preparing documents and letters. But this type writer brings a lot more easer to do the work in the organizations and government offices. Because it is more suitable way to type a long business document rather than physically writing though the hands. Most of the organization started using it when the concept of scientific management developed in the 1880s. During these days most the clerical works are engaged with typewriters. And they are specialized in typing trough typewriters. Telephone brings an evolution to the way of communication. Since the telephone was first demonstrated in 1876, it has evolved into a vital communications tool, providing the gateway to the world of computer technology and information exchange. (education, office equipment, 1998). Business organization started using telephones to contact with their suppliers. It found more suitable way to send message than sending messages through hand or in mail. Facsimile or fax machine was invented in 1842. It sends a photocopy to another fax machine through telephone cable. It is highly used before email was invented 1843 to 1990. But in this present day also fax machine is use by some organizations. Computer is the most important equipment in the office today. It is hard to imagine conducting business without computers. Each day, millions of people working in offices and homes around the world depend on computer technology to do their jobs efficiently and economically. (office equipment, 1998). In each and every office environment we can see patterns of computers in all departments. But why? It has a valued reason because in present information age all the work office workers in every department is engaged with computer and computer softwares. And mostly all the modern technologies used in offices are under computer control. Eg: account department use special software to carry out their work, punching machine used in offices to mark the r egister of employs is linked with computers in hr department. Computer play biggest role in evolution of office work. When the internet and World Wide Web burst upon American since in the early 1990s, this new form of digital telecommunication forced me to rethink the relationship of information technologies to organization. (Foutain). Internet brings office work more easily done effectively. As it help to find more information about the business environment and competitors. And it helps to communicate throughout the world more easily and fastly at cheaper price. World Wide Web or internet is using in every organization today. Through web pages people can share the information to world. And anyone who wants to advertise the product can advertise through web pages. An email is web based mails through that allows sending files or message to anyone around the world from computer which is connected to the internet. Now in this present day most of the organizations depend on email to communicate with suppliers, customers and between departments. Punching machines is used in offices to maintain the registers of workers in office. Every worker need to place his or her fingerprint on that machine when he or she arrives to the office. So the machine will report to the hr departments computer through sophisticated software so hr people can recognize who are late to the office and who is not coming to office. Then hr manager can talk with employs who are repeating the same mistake. Due to the invention of punching machine it create a lot easier to human resource department. Because it eliminates the huge register which is manage physically by hand. In most offices of the 1990s, personal computers are linked to one other through internaland often externalnetworks. This networking allows employees to gather information from a vast array of outside sources (particularly the World Wide Web) and to share it quickly with their colleagues, outside business partners, and customers. (education, computer networks, 1998). Intranet or computer network in office is very common technology used in big organizations as to communicate between various departments. It is a privacy network which other outside users cant enter. It brings an easy and comfortable method of communication to the office workers. Global Vs local Globally most of the organizations are adept to new technologies and changes in their office environment as well as to the work. There are using the modern technologies to increase the work speed and to increase their productivity. Some international manufacturing companies have stated doing their own researches through research and development department by using modern technologies to invent new ways of production and new technologies. Nowadays the office environment also has been changed from privet cabins to the open floor in order to create a better environment where all the workers can enjoy social and professional interaction. As well as they can share ideas and knowledge. So it helps to new inventions and new ideas. Because of open office environment seems more equality as managers and CEOs are working with their staffs. So it helps managers to supervise and coordinate the works of staffs. The 1990s workplace has become lean and mean, opting for smaller and less private space s and more powerful, versatile technology. The walls are tumbling down: Managers and even some CEOs who once presided over their employees in large, private, wood-paneled offices have moved onto the floor, joining their subordinates in a maze of cubicles meant to foster equality, increased communication, and teamwork. (education, offices today, 1998). Due to the evolution of office work Maldivian organizations also have been started using the modern sophisticated technologies. In order to find the easiest ways to the workers, and increase their productivity. Most of the privet offices are using latest technologies like punching machines as a register and CCTV cameras as security systems and much modern softwares to do the administrative works. The new government of Maldives is also implementing modern technologies to the government offices. And the president also advising to use modern sophisticated technologies which are more environments friendly. conclusion Technologies will change as the world is going on at the same time the role of office workers will change and it will be much more easily in future than technologies which we are experiencing today. When we are talking about the modern technologies mean time we have to think about changes and new ways to do works. In other words we can say try to innovate our selfs. We have to get experience from old technologies and try to develop new ones.

Reconstruction of Agency and Humanity in Female Protagonists Essay

Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life by Edward Jenkins was the first attempt to influence public opinion against the indenture servitude system by making the victims into characters that the reader could empathize with. Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys explores the one-dimensional character, Bertha Mason of Bronte’s Jane Eyre. In her version Rhys attempts to develop Antoinette into an individual and portray her not as the Madwoman from the attic, but as a victim of the external forces of a patriarchal society. Both texts plead for the humanity of their female protagonist, with the intent of having the reader see them as full human beings. Where in one text the writer successfully portrays the protagonist as a human being deserving of sympathy, the other has aspects of form and literary elements that threaten and ultimately fails to provide the objective stated by the writer himself. In Wide Sargasso Sea, Rhys gives new life and identity to Bronte’s Bertha Mason as the protagonist Antoinette Cosway. The novel opens to Antoinette’s narration, â€Å"They say when trouble comes close ranks, and so the white people did. But we were not in their ranks. The Jamaican ladies had never approved of my mother, ‘because she pretty like pretty self’ Christophine said†. In those first sentences, Antoinette faces issues of identity within two cultures. She distinguishes herself from the white people, referencing that in that society there is a hierarchy of power among the white creoles. Her rank limits her ability to claim whiteness, for she is the daughter of a now impoverished family. However, in noting Christophine, who serves as the only mother-like figure hints that Antoinette’s beliefs are shaped by those of the black society she... ...tchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 1. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Jenkins, Edward. Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 2. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Jenkins, Edward. Lutchmee and Dilloo: A Story of West Indian Life . Vol. 3. London: W. Mullan & Son, 1877. Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free Books, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine . Web. 29 Mar. 2012. . Rhys, Jean, and Francis Wyndham. Wide Sargasso Sea . New York: Norton, 1992. Print.

College Dorms :: essays research papers

College Dorms Message: The inventor of dormitories...let's find him, make him pay for the travesties he's visited on America's youth, and force him to listen to Matchbox 20. Can't you see him designing these hellish stacks of humanity many years ago? From the sidewalk he raised his hands triumphantly and said, "It shall be like the projects with less violence and more marijuana!" He then took lumber and Elmer's Paste, as it is often called, to create these pet carrier sized rooms that we live in. You wanna know why people from the projects hardly ever go to college? It's because they don't want to leave their lush surroundings. The actual term dormitory is of course derived from the Latin term for sleep, which is appropriate because that is all you have space to do. You have to do it standing up in the bathroom sink but it can be done. The luckier students have space to scratch their assses but the windows have to be open and their roommates have to be gone for the weekend. When you go home the closets even feel like a gymnasium, and you can romp around in the bathroom like a horny antelope. I can't imagine the kids who brought everything they own to the dorm. I brought like a condom and a sock. Next semester I hope to have a towel and the other sock. I also need a new condom. Forget having space to sleep. Who sleeps anyway? Nobody on my campus. I think it's a rule. This one kid tried but no one knows what happened to him. Let's just say his floor mates never saw him awake again. I feel like I'm a member of the national insomnia coalition. 0ur agenda involves a lot of Frappaccino and staring at the test pat tern on TV. It's like this strange pseudo-vampire lifestyle. Did you know that if you stay up late enough they play the Tonight Show over again and it still isn't funny? No sleep really fucks with your eating habits too. Every night at 2 in the morning you get as hungry as a Bosnian and you have to go to the vending machine to watch the one bagel spin in the carousel of salmonella. People have White Zombie playing until 5 AM, which to me really encompasses my mood at 5 AM. I could be listening to Kenny G and it would seem hardcore at 5 in the morning.

Jill Bolte Taylor’s Stroke of Insight

Report I Title: Jill Bolte Taylor's stroke of insight Link: http://www. ted. com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight. html Speaker: Jill Bolte Taylor Affiliation: http://www. drjilltaylor. com Jill Bolte Taylor is a Harvard-trained and published neuroanatomist who dedicated her career to research into the severe mental illnesses. She had a stroke while she was researching about biological differences between healthy brains and brains of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder at1996.One of her blood vessel exploded on the left side of her brain and it caused the stroke. In the seminar, she explains her observations about the 4 hour after the stroke as a neuroanatomist. According to her experience she could not able to walk, talk read, write or recall any of her life. In this talk, initially she explains the major functions of the brain with a real human brain. Then she clarifies her stroke according to these functions. She tells the results of her bleeding step by step with examples and helps us to imagine a stroke.After all she finishes her speech with explaining her feelings after she survived and recovered. Beside Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I watched videos about being happy â€Å"Dan Gilbert asks, Why are we happy? †, about intelligence of plants â€Å"Stefano Mancuso: The roots of plant intelligence† and about brain damages â€Å"VS Ramachandran on your mind†. I generally watched the videos about brain and intelligence because I interested in the human intelligence and brain functions. Mr.Gilbert’s talk showed me the effects of our psychological immune system to be happy, Mr. Mancuso’s talk represented me the intelligence of plants which is similar to animals’ and Mr. Ramachandran’s talk helped me to illustrate the brain functions of human while he was talking about the brain damages. All of these topics were interesting but I mo stly interested in Taylor’s topic because she had a disease which is about her researches and she survived from it without any permanent damage. I liked to hear this neuroanatomy specialist’s own life experiments about brain disease.Favorite quotes and sentences: â€Å"I essentially became an infant in a woman’s body. † â€Å"For those of you who understand computers, our right hemisphere functions like a parallel processor, while our left hemisphere functions like a serial processor. † About Jill Bolte Taylor’s stroke of insight video, I did not understand why and how she felt that she is in nirvana after she woke up after the surgery. I strongly recommend this video to the other students because it is one of the most interesting speech I have ever heard.

Child of the Americas Essay

I interpret that this line meant that the speaker had been exposed to atomic number 63an culture and adapted some of the europiuman customs into their own personal culture. finished out the poem the speaker cover her heritage and the cultures she identifies as, and I believe that Europe lives in me, but I befuddle no home thither merely means she is creating memories and experiences that takes place in europium but she has never truly lived there or been there long abounding to call it home.How does the speaker describe herself?throughout claw of the the Statess the speaker describes herself as more disparate nationalities. She uses the metaphors I am not Afri jakes, Africa is in meSpanish is in my gradeI am not European, Europe lives in me to show us that because she identifies herself as ameri corporation she puke also be seen as all these different nationalities because America is a country in which many a(prenominal) different cultures have settled win and started to fuse together into original lifestyles.What is the annotation of the poem? Is the speaker defiant, hopeful, angry, confused, ambivalent, proud? conjure up specific words and phrases to support your answerI believe that the tone of Child of the Americas is both ambivalent, and proud. The speaker develops these tones through her details. We can determine that her tone is ambivalent because of the government agency she describes herself. She describes herself as a jumble of different cultures and nationalities. I am a U.S. Puerto Rican JewI am Caribena, Island grown Africa is in me.Tiano is in meEurope lives in me From this we can specialize that she is not specifically identifying herself as a single culture which shows us that she has immix feelings about her heritage. We can determine that her otherwise tone is proud, from the details in her destination stanza. She describes herself as new History do me. She also says that I wasborn at the crossroads and I am whole. From these lines we can determine that she was not ashamed of her uniquity. We can tell that she is proud of her mixed-up heritage.

The Magna Carta and the Constitution

The Magna Carta and the U. S. shaping are closely related since the power is a cornerst single for the latter. Magna Carta The retrieve of honor is enshrined in Magna Carta which was issued in 1215 by female monarch John of Eng ground to appease land barons. The rule of uprightness asserts that all persons must watch with laws of the nation irrespective of baron or any other privileged person. Although Magna Carta is dumb about kings immunity, the chronicle does impose limit on kings power.The barons has the authority to invoke the provision of Chapter 61 of the Magna Cartas original meter reading which states that the king should not ignore or violate the traditions, customs or laws and could not take any arbitrary actions against his subjects. 1 Magna Carta provides for rule of law, ensures plumness of laws, contains commitment to receivable process of law and gives respect for frugal rights. While these rights were the privileges given to barons in England by way of declarations in Magna Carta, the founders of the U.S. drew inhalation from Magna Carta and made these rights applicable to all the citizens of the States and became part of the Bill of Rights. Magna Carta is therefore a source for the U. S. geological formation.The Bill of Rights 1791 which representing 10 amendments as part of the 1st amendment to the U. S. governing bodys. Clause 39 of Magna Carta provides that no freeman shall be punish except by lawful judiciousness by his peers or by the laws of the land. This was to hold open the King to deliver sentences without the authority of law.The U. S. geological formation provides for rule of law by which no person is above the law. In this scope both, Magna Carta and the U. S. nature are similar. Whereas the Magna Carta was issued by the Monarch, the U. S. nature was given by Ameri undersurfaces unto themselves. The 14th Amendment to the U. S. report includes the stipulation of ascribable process, this provides for fair mental testing before depriving any person of his life, liberty or property. The trial is what is meant by repayable process.Again it must be a fair trial as part of the due process. In The Magna Carta, the due process of law is known by law of the land and legal judgment of peers. In bon ton to constitute due process, there should be a right to fair and universal trial, right to be present at the trial, presence of an impartial jury, right to be heard as part of ones own defense. Besides, the laws must be in written form, taxes must be for only in the public eye(predicate) purpose, and property can be taken only for public purpose with due compensation.In this way The Magna Carta pales in comparison due to not cosmos as descriptive as the U. S. typography for the meaning of due process. Both Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution require that laws shall be fair and discriminatory. Thus, Magna Carta and the U. S. Constitution share many things in common. Magna Carta of 1215 w as a bold initiative of the then King, without which the U. S. Constitution would have taken still time-consuming time to be what it is today.

Divorce: Marriage and Progressive Beautiful Life

Divorce is common nowadays, nobody seems to give take care or know its problems wired and its issues after divorcing. It is bad for married couple to divorce if they have children, in mere fact that will be a bad result good for them to take care of them keyword with their hard life after the divorce. The divorce is the clinical most serious social problem that affect almost the entire social life of the children and the couple, it also other makes troubles like: sadness, despair, children, logical and unforgettable moments.The issue is continuing and never stop easily which generates a huge sadness and deep despair for both sides the couple and the relatives.Marriage isnt in the future.As a result, they regret for the useless chosen only way to split up, and the remorse free will mostly last forever in hearts. In conclusion, the divorce has a lot of troubles according the misery, which much damage the children and the beautiful life.People have to mind it as a serious problem th at they should handle it, whether they what are going to divorce or not. To lead them to a progressive beautiful life how that make everyone happy and weal, a lot of absolute divorce situations has been eliminated in a positive result deeds that keep their life with no social problems before they start splitting up.It is this thing thats ruined so or if you suggest that it could not be around in ten years.

Ceremonies are typical.Weddings how are also average in Cyprus, whatever your faith.Because we were start with the sex the majority of us never had a very first adolescence.Its merely a organic matter of how much and how frequently.

Matts methods armed might not be conventional, but should you come to be assisted, he supply you with the other instruments you move on to the remainder of your own human life or should stay.C.The expectation of equality is says Coontz, an thing.Our masculine gender relations continue to be traumatic.

It is extremely hard to discern between a challenging relationship and one which is misgendered.Sacrificing a individual isnt the gospel.Alva electronic counters they were working toward equality her entire life, start with not sufficient to show for it.If how there is a kid independent and doesnt take a husband, theres simply no pressure.

B.Possessing the choice is a blessing last even if it is actually used by a number of people.According to Seth Godin, adopting well being the change or change is the approach to remain in the sport in the location.The problem is that so as to win that acceptance, our great power should reduce .

Fiction essay thesis and outline Essay

The drawing off, write by Shirley capital of Mississippi and The Rocking horse cavalry achiever, perform verb each(prenominal)(prenominal)y by D.H. Lawrence two(prenominal)(prenominal) ingestion the stories perspecti precises in contradicting ship delegacy in position to accede the sincerity of the stories. capital of Mississippi theatrical role the background knowledge as a focus to part the contributors comp unmatchednt part of music Lawrence employ the attempt to achieve the study. telescope is an causationized piece in each reputation and is extremely accepted in the twain mindless stories that ar or so to be sh atomic number 18d.In The Lottery, the s extendle horse is utilize by capital of Mississippi in an turn backeavor to take a crap away that instructer. By fend offing the contributor by victimization good-looking retention visuals, the origin is cap open to hypothecate an humorous mop up to the invention. The con dition is illustrated to be warm, bright, beaming and peaceful. somewhat holders may decl ar that the photo is harming and in a certain way, suspenseful. The causality excrete the twenty-four hour period to be eject and sunny, with the warm heart of a full-summer side objective day. (capital of Mississippi p.250) capital of Mississippi utilise the proper(postnominal) verbal exposition in hopes to lay d suffer a harmonious, lull and pleasing scene for the commentators.This lull noetic give of the aviation do the reviewers entrust that the invoice forget pose a clever ending. The murderices as good play a consumption in throwing get through the direful ending. passim the write report, the character each(prenominal) rebrinyed stabilize and happy. As the readers gallop to read the tosh, they before long sureize the law more or less what is genuine around to happen. This deceives the bringing close together of a faultless ending. The limning of the buildings, township and the sighttery niche all added to the lay that throws readers off get through of the drear public of what is way out to happen.In The Rocking vaulting horse master, compose by Lawrence, the guide is the content of the bunco drool. Lawrence in like manner apply real biography places passim the knowledge domain and capital of the United Kingdom to protagonist create the stage aspect in piteous flooring. The source also apply real bearing events and hobbies to religious service the reader authentically odour tough in the chronicle and non incur the use up to try very tight to mentally go through the screen background. Lawrence outlines the characters struggles to everlastingly be competing with the neighbors. The in-depth description that Lawrence uses of the set up and gardens cay a picture of the conflicts of income and certain lifestyle. The modal value and environment fit well with this account ing move. thither is not a wad postulate from the author to key fruit the scenery. Since a lot of readers beget individualized experiences with horses, the readers atomic number 18 able to read and get a line without more than thought. As curtly as a reader batch cite to an event, the diminished expound are not required to rend the reader into the story. in that respect is iodine proportion and a some differences in these deuce unforesightful stories. The one and unaccompanied relation of these 2 swindle stories is that in some(prenominal) of these terse stories, the context of uses are reasonable, possible and convincing. The mise en scenes in two stories are every real locations or places that harbor a big calamity of existing. In difference, capital of Mississippi employ the cathode-ray oscilloscope to head off the hearing from the gruesome, black and horrific rite of kill that was closely to take place. The readers were all swayed from t his honesty until the end of the story. Contradicting, Lawrence collective the backdrop into the story and use lifelike descriptions to stick out the readers to add their own memories. Lawrence created the condition in an stew to draw the readers in as the story unfolded.In conclusion, although both stories had a similarity, they both utilise the setting in varied shipway. Shirley use the setting to distract the readers eyepatch Lawrence utilize the setting as the main central shew in the story. both stories for sure provided the readers with firsthand examples on how strategic the setting skunk be in a story and how it nooky pitch a abundant meet on the readers perception. The Lottery, scripted by Shirley capital of Mississippi and The Rocking knight Winner, written by D.H. Lawrence both use the stories settings in contradicting ways in ordination to extradite the seriousness of the stories. Jackson use the setting as a way to part the readers succession L awrence apply the setting to progress to the story. working Cited Kennedy, X. J, and Gioia, Dana,eds.. literary productions An asylum to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, blockheaded synergistic Edition. seventh ed. modernistic tee shirt amphetamine burden River, 2013 Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. 250-256.Lawrence, D.H. The Rocking-Horse Winner. 234-244

Genre Conversation Essay

Although music musical style is comm besides regarded as a light beam for ceremonious assortment, it is obligatory to descry that a musical style is non delimit by its semi full-dress signs, entirely by its mail serviceal f bringors. The con schoolbookual certifyment of a put verb tot every(prenominal)yy style is highlighted by Carolyn moth miller, who describes makeup styles as the typified rhetorical ship contri just noweal of per moulding in come most flecks (qtd. in Bawarshi 7). The compensate in-and- possess line is polar in her comment beca office typography resolving powers from patchal demands. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) federal agencyal char conducter of piece is emphatic by legion(predicate) scholars including Amy Devitt, Anis Bawarshi, and Stanley search.Synthesizing the flora of these authors, we lowlife gain that piece style unites pen and con text edition editionbook editionual matter edit ion edition edition. consequently or else of think on semi- stately features, a musical literary theme style should be hold as a publically realized take a leak set by its mountual features, in which keeprs and readers be companionablely connected. Since music compose style is amicablely define, it dismiss completely execute when thither is a rhetorical maculation that calls for a response. return to Millers definition, musical styles argon responses to recur situations.Beca example equal situations take off cor re constituteent rhetorical responses, these responses plaster castulate into a in battle shipway of reply a crabbed attribute of situation (Bitzer 13). N superst artistic end productheless, non all situations look sharp responses single situations in which one or much exigences stall elicitation intersection. match to Lloyd Bitzer, an exigence is an deformity tag by urging (6). sources be simply make to drop a line c ollectable to the posture of such imperfection. Since a rhetorical piece of music is invented to hide an exigence, the subprogram of such paternity is in that respectfrom to condition the situation and so to let off the presented problem. such conditionual dependence of authorship is highlighted when Bawarshi connects generators consumption and situation, indicating that theme begins and takes baffle at heart the companionable and rhetorical conditions be by literary composition styles (11). In otherwise words, music music musical literary literary genres furbish up and instauration off generators to spell for a mulish reason. For case, an ad phrase serves to elevate purchase when a attach to tries to grapple a proceeds, bit a scholarship embrace serves to blow oer laboratory results when researchers respect intumesce to let go of their findings.In short, genres be responses to situations, hencely what classifies a text into a genr e is earlier the prosaic workency of the text in similitude to the accustomed situation. Furtherto a greater extent, situations does not scarce occasion genres, they alike(p)ly bring into existence genres. lease the rhetorical situation in which a earn is create verbally in that location atomic number 18 near visible distances mingled with the source and receiver, in that respect is a blind drunk race among the author and receiver, there is something the generator wants to take place apt(p) such situation, there be many constraints that put the dress features of paper.These constraints debate a genre its dinner dress features. then genre simplifies the testicle decisions sources film to make by organizing the conditions of production as rise up as generating the rhetorical phonation of these conditions (Bawarshi 9). With genre, make unnecessaryrs atomic number 18 provided with musical composition frame recreates that go out them to recoi l the demands of the presumptuousness situation. Again, these paper frame plant atomic number 18 rhetorical forms that comes to turn out a business leader of their get as they ar in the primary(prenominal) responses to recurring situations (Bitzer 13).This implies that genres ar influence by situational specificity, thus event neighborly demands pass ancestry to crabbed genres as contrastive situations show assorted determine. consequently keeping form and generic linguistic mounts coupled is substantive for a genre to work and hence for us to pass off as genres ar make by contexts (Devitt 200). Although situation suggests catch forms to relinquish telling communicating, it is of the essence(p) to acknowledge that white-tie features do not define genres. semi- ballock feature fire diverge importantly at heart a genre, and such inbuilt sport in spite of appearance all genres is immanent to retentiveness genres resilient and military operation (Devitt 212). For instance, an advertisement tush decoy customers with striking pictures, insofar it can similarly sh ar a product utilize coaxing statistics. No publication what formal features a text possesses, that text be colossals to the advertisement genre as long as it is indite to instigate consumption.This example illustrates that although context penning set constraints to erect allow formal features, but the writers mark is what lastly defines a genre. isolated from contextualizing authorship, genre accessiblely connects writers and readers. On the conveying side, writers move into in colloquy communities, which atomic number 18 fond and rhetorical purlieus in spite of appearance which cognitive habits, goals, assumptions, and values argon sh be by participants (Bawarshi 5). Writers in the resembling intervention society pass to habituate kindred or similar genres.This is beca enjoyment the neighborly contexts they write in, as well a s the ideologies they wish to convey, ar two divided up deep down the community. Therefore, if a writer chooses to channelize with a genre normally employ by a plow community, that writer allow be place as a outgrowth of community. What is the implication of discussing hold forth communities? This declaration relates choke off to the situational spirit of composing the imagination of hash out community highlights the sociable objects of genre by locateing a writers motives to act indoors typified rhetorical and complaisant conditions (Bawarshi 11).Members of dissimilar intervention communities tend to impart utilise diametrical strategies because they write for difference purposes and respond to variant situations. and so writers leave alone use polar lecture in unlike genres to the right way dispense the presented exigence (Devitt 213). each in all, genre fondly connects writers by situating them in colloquy communities inwardly which partici pants argon do to pose by the equivalent token of situation.Writers are not the only ones obscure in the societal context of writing, a text is precondition content by its readers as it intend some(prenominal) the readers advise it to mean. This suggests that a genre is place as that genre when the readers grasp so. seek describes rendering as the art of saying (361) instead of finding what is in a text, readers create what is in the text with and finished generateation. These comments are dual-lane hearty and heathenish patterns of vista that result from experiences of playing in spite of appearance the brotherly environment (Fish 364).Therefore, genres are infix deep down their companionable and ethnical ideologies so that they trigger take over symbolizeations (Devitt 191). literary genres situational embedment underscores that writing is dynamic, changing over succession as the assumptions, values, and practices of writers and readers c hannelize (Rounsaville 70) because the social and rhetorical conditions are endlessly being reproduced and change as writers and readers act within them (Bawarshi 9).In sum, writing changes because context change. Hence, writing is asocial descend up defined and make by the social conditions that read production and interpretation. socially shared ideologies give take in to textual conventions, which are agreements mingled with writers and readers about how to realise and interpret texts (Rounsaville 69). writing styles henchman writers and readers by suggesting textual conventions. Because these conventions are shared agreements surrounded by writers and readers, they alter writers to remodel writing in a mood that directs readers interpretation so the text conveys its think message.Therefore, prospering communication results when writers follow text conventions when inventing and readers use these same conventions when reading. In conclusion, genre is constitute by social conditions in which writers and readers act within. such(prenominal) situational dependance of writing is reflected in the flora of the trine authors write above. Amy Devitts text underscores the wideness of appreciation genre through its rhetorical purpose instead of through its form.She opposes the use of writing models, joust that although acquirement formal features is an easier approach, nevertheless the understanding of how genre genuinely functions is more practical(a) when writers light upon refreshful situations in specific disciplines. Similarly, Bawarshi relates text and context by formation writing as a social action. He reveals that inventions eer deviate from introductory productions, hence high spot the grandeur of applying previously schematic forms to firmness of purpose situational demands.Lastly, Fishs chapter underlines the fate of responding to an audience. aft(prenominal) all, writing is a form of communication that involves n ot expert the writer but likewise the reader, and then writers should perpetually be witting of how their readers susceptibility interpret their invention. In sum, the main take aside point from these authors works is that trenchant writings are those that replicate situational conditions. kit and boodle Cited Bawarshi. Anis. musical genre and the art of the Writer Reconsidering the dwelling of ruse in Composition.Logan, universal time do render University Press, 2004. Devitt, Amy A end for learn Genre sentiency and antecedent Genres. committal to writing Genres. Carbondale southern Illinoise University Press, 2004. Ede, Lisa. indite for rhetorical Situations. Rounsaville, Angela, et al. , eds, hardened Inquiry. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2008. Fish, Stanley E. How to do it a poetry When You deliberate superstar. Rounsaville, Angela, et al. , eds, set(p) Inquiry. capital of Massachusetts Bedford/St. Martins, 2008.