“My Papa’s Waltz” by Theodore Roethke Essay

â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke, is an intriguing poem about a memory of a boy and his father waltzing around the house. The ambiguity in this poem can lead to two very different interpretations. It can be seen as a child terrorized by an abusive father or a child having a playful romp with his father before bedtime. In this poem, Roethke uses metaphors, similes, imagery, and structure to make a strong impression on the reader. In the beginning, the speaker shows that he might not be having as much fun with the waltz as he would have thought. â€Å"But I hung on like death: / Such waltzing was not easy.† (line 4). Since the boy must hang on â€Å"like death†, it shows that the waltz is not just â€Å"not easy†. This line is also an example of a simile. The boy is hanging onto his father so hard that he is as inescapable as death. If the waltz in the poem is thought of as an extended metaphor for the relationship between the boy and his fa ther, the son could be writing that his entire relationship with his father wasn’t easy. As the poem goes on, the waltz gradually gets more and more difficult as well as his relationship with his father. In the third stanza, the father keeps missing steps and scratches the boy in the process. This could also be a metaphor for all of the mistakes that the father has made in real life which could hurt the boy in nonphysical ways as well. By using imagery in this poem, Roethke helps the reader to connect with the boy. One use of imagery in the poem is when the boy and the father â€Å"romp† around the kitchen. The word romp means to play roughly or energetically. The reader can see here that not only tha â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† has a simple rhyme scheme of ABAB. Although the rhyme scheme helps with the flow of the poem, there are many slant rhymes that disrupt the flow as well. For example the word â€Å"dizzy† sounds very similar to â€Å"easy† but they are not perfect rhymes. Roethke also writes this poem in an iambic trimeter. Similar to the iambic pentameter which has a classic five beats per line, each line in the poem consists of three beats. Not only is the poem about a waltz, but it is becoming one as well since there are three beats in a waltz. This contributes to how a  person reads the poem as well as the tone of the poem.

Native American Essay Essay

?From as early as before the time of the arrival of the European settlers, Native Americans have suffered tremendously. The establishment of the early English colonies and the future creation of the American nation impacted the lives and destiny of the Native American people extremely. One example of this is the Trail of Tears, an event which brought lots of people sadness and grief. Another example is the loss of their land, something which exceptionally changed the lives and destiny of the Native Americans. The last example is diseases, something that the Native Americans caught very often. In summary, the creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation impacted the lives of Native American people more than one will ever know everything about. To begin with, the English colonies and the American nation at the time forced the Native Americans through something everyone now knows as â€Å"The Trail of Tears. † This â€Å"trail† was a forced relocation of the Native Americans to another land the U. S. had provided. Although they were forced to make the agreement, some thought it was a good opportunity to start a new life and grow new crops. It was nothing like that at all. The majority of the Native Americans died of starvation, diseases, and because many did not have any shoes on their feet and were walking through snow, they also died of the cold. The Trail of Tears took place due to the Indian Removal Act passed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830. For years prior to the act, many disputes had taken place over land the Native Americans resided on. A previous law made it impossible for Native Americans to technically own land in the United States, then giving Jackson the ability to force them to relocate. Overall, the â€Å"Trail of Tears† is one of the many examples of how the English colonies and the American nation impacted the lives of the Native Americans greatly. Second, the creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation caused loss of Native American land. Even after the Indian Removal Act and the â€Å"Trail of Tears† caused the Native Americans to relocate to another land, the English colonies and the American nation took their relocated land too. Also, before that, a little after the Indian Removal Act, a law that authorized him to negotiate with the Native Americans for their removal in exchange for their homelands. All in all, the Native Americans suffered lots of land loss due to the American nation taking it away for them as they did not want Native Americans on their land. Lastly, the creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation caused the Native Americans to catch many diseases. This resulted in many deaths and a great amount of suffering, not only for themselves, but for their family members as well. Many of the diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and mumps, were of European origin, and Native Americans exhibited little immunity because they had no previous exposure to those diseases. Even though the European settlers caused these diseases, the Americans were also to blame because they came after the Europeans â€Å"discovered† the land. Many deaths occurred because of smallpox in particular but other diseases as well. In summation, the creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation caused the Native Americans to catch diseases, resulting in many deaths and losses. In conclusion, the creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation caused the Native American people great losses and many deaths in their tribes. One example is the Trail of Tears, an event which made the Native Americans relocate to another land. Another example is the loss of their land, something which the American nation could just not stop doing to them. The last example is diseases, something that the Native Americans caught very often, causing many deaths and lots of suffering. The creation of the early English colonies and the future formation of the American nation impacted the lives of Native American people to extreme measures.

Nutritional Needs Ad Essay

The fetal origins hypothesis proposes that certain genes in the fetus may or may not be â€Å"turned on† depending on the environment that the mother is exposed to while pregnant (Hampton, 2004). Healthy embryo and fetal development is highly dependent upon the growth rate and the complexity of the easiness of how deficit any nutrients needed during the stages of development could affect the delicate process. Folic acid is important for the first four weeks because the central nervous system is forming. Lacking of folic acid could potentially result in neural tube defects. Iodine in the early stage is important for brain development and without it there could be damage to the brain leading to effects like mental retardation. The could also be other nutrient deficiencies that are less damaging but would still impact the health of a child during their life. Even in the womb the fetus is able to store nutrients such as iron, vitamins D and B12, and fat that will last during the l ast few weeks to help with development outside of the mother. Gestational Diabetes There are many conditions associated with gestational diabetes because of poor nutrition. In normal conditions during pregnancy the mother’s body adapts to make sure that she is receiving enough glucose continuously for the baby therefore becoming insulin resistant. Leaving gestational diabetes untreated leads to risks of being stillbirth or even macrosomia. Furthermore, studies show that as many as 70% of all women with gestational diabetes will eventually be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (Kim et al., 2002). Bad and Good Nutrition All pregnant women at some point has been advised to  avoid certain foods that are considered to pose any type of health risks for pregnant women and their developing babies. Caffeine has always been an important concern during pregnancy. This is because it crosses the placenta to the baby, which is bad only due to the baby’s metabolism is still maturing and is not able to fully process it. Many women finds that it is helps to eat smaller meals and frequently. There are a lot of bad foods that are not good such as fried chicken, pizza, French fries, cakes, soda (especially caffeine), etc,. What is good for the baby and mom are healthier foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat meats and dairy. Breastfeeding vs. Formula Breastfeeding has many benefits over formula in many ways. Breastfeeding has always been a better choice to feeding a baby over formula. It is best for a mom to breastfeed her baby the first six months until a year and then add in solid foods. Breast milk has antibodies in it that helps to fight off infections. This is something that a baby can not get from regular formula. Recommendation There are many different websites and workshops that offer information on nutrition. Nutrition is an important part of pregnancy that is good for the baby and mom. Eating the right food with exercise will do justice for mom and the baby because will help in reducing the risk of diseases for both. References Hampton, T. (2004). Fetal environment may have profound long- term consequences for health. JAMA: Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association, 292, 1285–1286. Kim, C., Newton, K. M., & Knopp, R. H. (2002). Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Care, 25(10), 1862–1868.

Queer Identities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Queer Identities - Essay Example Television too is now less reluctant to broadcast these individuals, usually without much negative interest or comment from the press or the public (Serrano, 2009). Additionally, there have been recent ‘androgynous’ fashion trends which make it more difficult for clothing to fall into binary gender norms. It is now extremely commonplace to see women wearing typically masculine fashions (whether this be in hair or in clothing), and this presents a huge change in gender norms (). In a way, the acceptance of these media of the transgender and queer communities makes a very strong political statement, although it may not be immediately obvious. It also suggests that patterns developed in a heteronormative society (that is, acquired culturally) can be broken and changed to represent the individuals needs and desires, through the spread of ‘non-traditional images and ideas about how people can appear and act’ (Gauntlett, 2008,

The Issue of Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Issue of Discrimination - Essay Example The country has literally shed blood of innocent civilians to fight for few basic rights that are God-given. Racism and prejudice are clearly present through Terkel’s narration of Ellis as he projects his emotional level of prejudice, his self-justification, and his displaced aggression. One of the main concepts of prejudice and racism that is outlined in Ellis’s narration is his level of prejudice that is prevalent throughout his life. Vincent Parillo, author of Causes of Prejudices questions the whole essence of social categories of racism, which is then depicted in Terkel’s work. When people are nurtured in an environment where they are biased culturally against a group of individuals; they naturally assume that those views are correct. This can be no doubt detrimental as these perspectives are embraced and become the foundation for hatred. Prejudicial attitudes are prevalent amongst many groups and are a key catalyst towards conducing hatred. In this particul ar scenario, the narrator shows his hostility towards African Americans as he terrifies the young African American kid with a gun. The whole narration is brilliantly captured in this scenario below: Clearly, here his emotions got the best of him as he traumatized the African American kid without any remorse. Undoubtedly, his anger got the best of him as he held a hostile attitude for no logical reasoning. Clearly one cannot conduct an analysis of the root causes of prejudices without understanding the true cognitive roots of the psychology that individuals possess regarding this issue. The psychological approach to this issue tends to mainly focus on the levels of prejudice, self-justification, personality and frustrations that become key components of this issue.  Again, Ellis is the remarkable example of that as he joins the KKK to self-justify his actions. The human nature undoubtedly in many matters is to self-justify their actions from their own reasoning. Self-justifying hat red and racism is derived to logical thinking that humans are blessed with. However, philosophers argue that humans although have the great capacity of justifying the wrong reasoning for our actions. A brilliant example of this is prevalent throughout history. The genocide of Jews that occurred during World War II serves as a dark reminder of how an extremist group can rally for support and modify the perspective of a huge society. Another classical example can be seen throughout the reign of the Crusaders in which the Muslims and the Jews suddenly were public enemies for the name of Christ. Sociologists tend to emphasize the fact that self-justification can work the other way too.   A great example of a self-justifying group can be clearly seen through the rise and the terror caused by the KKK. The re-enlightenment of the second era had many different views than its predecessors. Post 1920, the Klan grew a strong membership of 4 to 5 million. Unlike the first Klan movement in the reconstruction era, it extended beyond the traditional motives. The second wave of the Klan continued to focus national agendas at hand that went beyond the agrarian economy. Since the Klan compromised majority of white and Protestant, it was vital that they

Assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in Essay - 1

Assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in light of the demanding assumptions behind the concept of the - Essay Example In addition, today game theory is used in a variety of behavioural relations and is extended to both human as well as non-humans. This theoretical framework first described zero-sum games where an individual’s gains are exactly equal to the net losses of other participant(s). This paper will assess the practical usefulness and the relevance of game theory in light of the demanding assumptions behind the concept of the Nash equilibrium. Game Theory The game theory is based on the fundamental concept of zero-sum games, and a game has elements such as players, actions, information, strategies, outcomes, payoffs, and equilibria. Game theory evaluates strategic interactions where the outcome of a player’s choices greatly depends on the choices of other players. Basically, for a situation to be a game, there should be at least two rational players who consider each other’s choices while framing strategies (QuickMBA). The game theory has two distinct branches namely coo perative and non cooperative game theory. Most of the cooperative games are expressed in the characteristic function whereas extensive and normal forms are used to illustrate non-cooperative games. Games are illustrated using trees (figure 1) under the extensive form and each node or vertex represents the point of choice of players participating (Fudenberg & Tirole, 1991, p. 67). Each rational player is particularly indicated by a number specified by the vertex. The participants’ possible actions are depicted by the lines projecting out of the vertex while bottom of the tree represents the payoffs (Ibid). The authors add that the extensive form can be termed as â€Å"a multi-player generalisations of a decision tree† (Ibid). (Source: Ross, 2012) Under the normal form or strategic form, a matrix representing players, strategies, and payoffs is used for illustration. A major assumption when the normal form is used to indicate a game is that each participant makes choices without actually knowing the choices or actions of others. When players’ actions are known to other participants, generally the extensive form is used to represent the game. The characteristic function form was developed by scholars like John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. The authors claim that when a union C appears, it begins to work against the fraction (N/C) as if two players were participating in a normal game. Nash Equilibrium Nash equilibrium is a complex concept associated with the game theory. As Osborne (1994, p. 9) clearly states, â€Å"Nash equilibrium is a steady state solution concept in which each player’s decision depends on knowledge of the equilibrium†. More precisely, under the Nash equilibrium, it is assumed that each player knows the equilibrium strategies of other participants and no player can gain anything by altering their own strategy. The concept of Nash equilibrium has a wide range of applications in connection with the game the ory. Game theorists widely use this solution concept to interpret the outcomes realised from several decision makers’ strategic interactions. It greatly assists analysts to predict what would happen if several players are forming decisions simultaneously and if the outcome depends on others’ decisions. Nash equilibrium is potential to analyse unpleasant situations like arms

Adult Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult Communication - Essay Example In the United Kingdom if one to ask for a rubber, the individual would receive an erasure made of rubber. Across the Atlantic in the United States of America, if one were to ask for a rubber, the individual would receive a rubber condom. Exchange of the same information has produced different results. Hence for a better understanding of what communication stands for it needs to be defined as the process of managing messages with the intention of creating meaning. Having understood the more realistic meaning of communication, communication competence has more to it then just the ability to exchange information clearly with another individual using a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour. There is an element of a goal in communication, which is sharing of meaning and this has a connection with the thoughts and feelings of another individual. The acceptance that communication is goal driven also suggests that communication is strategic. This understanding of communication provides us with the means for abetter understanding of communication competence, as now it suggests that communication competence is not just communicating with accuracy, clarity, comprehensibility, coherence, expertise, effectiveness and appropriately. Communication competence is better expressed as the situational ability to set attainable and appropriate goals for achievement and to maximise the achievement of these goals through employing strategies of the knowledg e of self, others, context, and the elements of communication theory to bring about adaptive communication performances. As communication competence involves competence there is a need for measurement. Communication competence can be measured through the determination of whether the goals of interaction have been achieved and the extent to which they have been achieved. This in my view is the meaning of communication competence (Rueben, 1976). Teams are made up a small number of individuals different in

Historical architecture building find one and compare to morden design Essay

Historical architecture building find one and compare to morden design - Essay Example Situated in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, Spain the Cathedral and the Prague dancing house have certain conceptual links that make their study unique and interesting. The cathedral is the reputed burial-place of Saint James. Construction began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile (1040-1109) and the patronage of bishop Diego Pelez. It was built mostly in granite. An intricate, exaggerated, and an almost capricious style of surface decoration known as the Churrigueresque developed. Among the highlights of the style, interiors offer some of the most impressive combinations of space and light in 12th-century Europe. Integrating sculpture and architecture even more radically, architects Bernard the elder, and his assistant Rotbertus, and, later possibly, Esteban was in charge of the building. The Western Faade of the cathedral has been embellished and expanded between the 16th and the 18th century in Late Baroque style (the churriguetesque style) by Fernando Casas y Nvoa between 1738 and 1750 and is flanked by two medieval towers. He also constructed and achieved striking chiaroscuro effects in his transparent effective designs.3 Perhaps the chief beauty of the cathedral, however, is the 12th century Portico da Gloria, behind the western facade. This Portico da Gloria in the narthex of the west portal is an epitome of the Romanesque period, which combines masonry, arch, piers and the addition of pure geometrical forms. Thus the Church combines development of the Baroque style in it's many odd and even phases. The Churriguera popularized the blend of religious columns and composite order, the Churrigueresque column, in the shape of inverted cone or obelisk, established as a central element of ornamental decoration and preservation of the Romanesque in its forms that were less twisted in movement or excessive ornamentation and affected a neoclassical balance and sobriety. The whole effect is one of spacious continuation and tortuous, endless in ornamentation and experimentation. The Great Curvature of walls, particularly in urban settings, is probably the most famous of all Baroque inventions for expressing infinite space in the modern buildings of Frank Gehry4. One of the earliest examples of this approach, the exterior wall takes on a convex form, which expresses, and becomes a continuation of the interior space is set by the Church. Frank Gehry's Dancing House too has this effect that resemble Baroque in their fixation on movement and spatial illusions.5 Frank Gehry reflects interest in dynamic spatial and material forms. His own home in Santa Monica is an early example of the way in which he models structural forms to suggest instability, immanence and movement. This use of structural modeling creates the effect of Baroque, both in their geometric, endless surface details, as well as in their intellectual and expressionistic effects. His goals are sheer Baroque; they impart movement and through perspectival play, set up spatial illusions, subverting the vocabulary of conventional forms while more or less leaving it in place."6 The Dancing House reflects a woman and man (Ginger Rogers and Fred Astair) dancing together. Construction is from 99 concrete panels each of different shape

What is Foreign Direct Investment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

What is Foreign Direct Investment - Term Paper Example FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is defined as the scenario where "A company from one country obtains a controlling interest in a (new or existing) firm in another country, and then operates that firm as a part of the multinational business of the investing firm. FDI may be financed through parent company transfer of funds to the new affiliate, borrowing from home-country lenders, borrowing in the host country by the parent company, or any combination of these strategies." (FDI Definition, n.d.)  Foreign direct investment is also a measure of ownership of private enterprise, its stocks, and resources, and used as a growing tool in economic globalization. These investments add up to the GDP (gross domestic product) of industrialized and industrializing economies.  There are quite a few different modes of entry to foreign markets, but almost all of them can be categorized under the following four- exporting, licensing, franchising and direct investment. Each of these entry modes ha s their own set of advantages and disadvantages, and the appropriateness of each of them depends on the market dynamics of the guest country as well as the factors specifics to each company.  Foreign Direct Investment allows the investing firm to varied a degree of control over its overseas business activities. FDI, additionally, offers higher profitability options to the investing company. Control is one of the most important characteristics of FDI, and hence FDI is generally adopted as a preferred mode of entry when control and coordination are critical to the success of international drive of the company. Foreign direct investment is also preferred when the host market prefers buying products that are locally manufactured. Many governments also actively promote FDI as FDI directly adds value to the local economy and generates employment. Additionally, many retail, as well as institutional customers, feel that local manufacturing presence results in better after sales service an d decreases the overall cost of ownership.  However, FDI has its own set of disadvantages too. FDI, by definition, involves a higher commitment level for the company, and the company is exposed to a range of risks including political, geographical and economic risks. FDI is also subject to probable depreciation of the value of its investment in case of an adverse fluctuation of exchange rates. Despite the fact that FDI is generally encouraged by the government, there are cases where government policies act as a roadblock for FDIs. In many countries, government policies forbid foreign countries from owning majority control of a local company in selective or all industries. In some other countries, there are various levels of restrictions in the repatriation of profits. Companies opting for foreign direct investment as the entry mode to other economies or markets also have to face additional challenges in terms of allocating additional bandwidth, adapting to local political, legal a nd business environments. (Marchick D.M. and Slaughter M.J., June 2008)

The nature of the disciplinary code in UAE Law Research Proposal

The nature of the disciplinary code in UAE Law - Research Proposal Example Qualitative methods of investigation will be used to gather data from employees and employers of various companies. This method will apply questionnaires designed for 500 responded with both closed and open ended questionnaires to come up with relevant data. It’s finally concluded that the UAE is very effective in addressing labor laws since its enactment. Introduction The purpose of this study is to establish the nature of the disciplinary code as entrenched within the Labor Laws of the UAE. Labor laws in the United Arab Emirates are governed by the federal law number eight of 1980 and it regulates all aspects of labor relations between employees and the employers (Abudhabi, 2013). It’s an advanced law that clarifies the rights and duties of all concerned parties hence benefiting both the employers and employees resulting to fewer conflicts. The labor law developed in 1980 and has been amended several times to keep it touch with the demands and realities of the dynamic world. Among the issues outlined in the labor laws include working hours, holidays, leaves, compensation, employment contracts, and disciplinary rules among others. The disciplinary code addresses part of the Labor Laws that addresses issues related to warnings, fines, and suspension from work and termination of service among others. Since the disciplinary code is vital in shaping work relationships between the employer and the employee, it’s important to establish how effective it is in addressing work related issues. The study will establish the strengths and weaknesses embedded within the disciplinary code hence providing avenues for future amendments when deemed necessary. Literature review Labour law in UAE This is a federal legislation applicable to all emirate members regardless of whether they are UAE residents or emigrants, however, with a few exemptions (U.A.E Labor Law, 2011). Those discharged from the applicability of this law include the agricultural employees, domestic servants, members of the armed forces and the police, and the staff and workers of centralized government sectors of the emirates. In addition (Al Tamini, 2011), Labor Laws cover all aspects of regarding the employer and employee relations including contracts, restrictions on employment of juveniles and women, leave rules, working hours, medical and social care, just but to mention a few . The Labor Law demands that for any employment of the expatriate, an application must be made to the ministry of labor and the ministry has the mandate to approve such application or to disapprove it. Expatriates over the 18 years age can seek short term work permits valid for 60 days and can be renewed up to five times, as long as the renewal is done before the expiry date of the work permit (Barber & Harris, 2011). Such employment has a validity of three years subject to renewal for the same period by the same ministry with no subscription to minimum wage as such is agreed by the concern ed parties. Juveniles under the age of 15 are banned from employment under the UAE Law, but those between the ages of 15 to 18 are allowed to work as long as they receive teenage work permit from the ministry. The employment of women is restricted between 10pm and 7am and they should also not be employed to perform difficult task. The working hours for adult employee are 8 hours a day

The Lord of the Flies -Plot Outline Essay Example for Free

The Lord of the Flies -Plot Outline Essay A group of well manned English boys were put on a plane and sent to a boarding school because of their country being in a nuclear war. On their way to the school, their plane gets shot down and they end up on an inhabited island. The first character we meet is Ralph. He is a typical school boy who is very athletic with fair hair. His character is portrayed as smart, wise, insightful and one with very good leadership skills. He is elected as chief by the boys because of these qualities. Then we come across Piggy, a fat boy who wears glasses and has asthma. In spite of these insecurities, Piggy is very wise, highly intelligent, insightful for his age. He is the reason behind Ralphs ideas and plans. He always thinks things through and likes to have order. He is actually the one to discover the conch. Then there is Jack who is accustomed to leading because he is the leader of the choir boys, but because Ralph is elected as chief, Jack becomes jealous and revengeful. Jack is the first boy to turn savage and primitive and does things impulsively. He becomes very cruel and violent and just wants to hunt and kill. Jack starts painting his face to take on a different persona. Then theres Simon, a typical shy school boy who is extremely wise and intelligent. He is very mature and has an adult understanding of life. He is very compassionate and sensitive. He is the only one on the island who is in touch with his inner most feelings. As time progresses, they boys start reverting to savagery behaviour and they move more away from civilization. They start separate tribes : Ralphs tribe and The Hunters (following Jack). The boys who are following Ralph wants to be rescued, and the ones who follow Jack wants to hunt and be free. With all this erg to hunt, they end up killing two innocent boys. After the murders, the hunters are now out to hunt Ralph. At the end, whats left of the boys are rescued. In this novel Golding shows that every human being has evil in them, even if you the most holy person on earth. Everyone isnt perfect, some has more evil in them than others. Some keep in all in and one day they snap and do something theyll regret forever! You can have the worst evil in you and you wont realise it until something happens

A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Example for Free

A Critical Essay on Raimondo Pannikar Essay Raimondo Panikkar is a Roman Catholic Priest who specializes in the study of comparative philosophy of religion. He was born in Barcelona Spain on November 03, 1918. Perhaps, the mixed inter faith marriage of his mother, who was a Catholic from Catalonia Spain, and his father who was a Hindu from a highly situated caste Nair from South India, accounts most for his interest in comparative religious philosophy. His education also contributed much in this. He was educated in a Jesuit school and he took up chemistry and philosophy at universities in Madrid, Barcelona and Bonn. After being ordained as a Roman Catholic Priest in 1946, and holding doctorates in Philosophy and Science (Complutense University, Madrid 1945 and 1958) and theology (Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, 1961), he left for India in 1953 to undertake studies in Indian philosophy and religion at the University of Mysore and at the Banaras Hindu University. He authored 40 books and almost a thousand articles dealing with comparative philosophy and religion and has deliberated on principles and practices of multi-faith, which includes among others, dialogues between Christian-Hindu, Christian-Buddhist and Christian-Secularist. In the book Intrareligious Dialouges, Panikkar said I left as a Christian; found myself a Hindu; and I return as a Buddhist, without having ceased to be a Christian. (Panikkar, Paulist Press; revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Panikkar’s contributions are widely quoted and heavily used to support the theory of (your family name 2) religious pluralism, interfaith and multi-faith studies as well as religious comparative philosophy. THE WEBSITE HTTP://WWW. RELIGIOUSTOLERANCE. ORG No matter how you describe yourself, you should find your beliefs and practices accurately represented in this website. – (ReligiousTolerance. org) This site is a copyrighted side by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. In their Statement of belief the web masters said that they are a multi-faith group. As of 2008-FEB, we consist of one Atheist, Agnostic, Christian, Wiccan and Zen Buddhist. Thus, the OCRT staff lack agreement on almost all theological matters, such as belief in a supreme being, the nature of God, interpretation of the Bible and other holy texts, whether life after death exists, what form the afterlife may take, etc. (ReligiousTolerance. org) They proceed to enumerate key points in their belief system in a bullet style, and among others, said that they In working towards a culture that is relatively free of discrimination on the basis of gender, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, physical disability, age, etc. (ReligiousTolerance. org). On the left hand side of the website there are clickable links of articles and essays that list among others, the major religions of the world, Non-theistic articles such as Agnosticism and Humanism. There are also articles on Spiritual Ethics, Peace and Conflict, â€Å"Hot† Topics as well as Laws and News. Over-all the website is plain and straightforward. The interface is very easy to (your family name 3) use and very user friendly. The website has sponsors ads, but none of the usual annoying pop-ups, and/or annoying background music and other widgets that are found in other websites. The articles in the website presented in a logic way, are easy to use and topics are indexed clearly for easy referencing and retrieval. It is also peppered with nuggets and quotes from religious leaders and other notable personas. One such example is on the bottom part of the web page, from Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"The need of the moment is not one religion, but mutual respect and tolerance of the devotees of the different religions. (Ghandi). The website is a valuable resource for information in the major religions of the world. It is an excellent source of in depth religious comparative articles as well as current issues affecting faith and practice. WORKS CITED Pannikar, Raimondo. Intrareligious Dialouges: Paulist Press; revised edition, July 1999. ISBN 0809137631). Raimon-Panikkar. org Fundacion Vivarium Raimon Panikkar – Tavertet (Catalunya) Retrieved February 25, 2009. http://www. raimon-panikkar. org/index. html ReligiousTolerance. Org. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved February 25, 2009. http://www. religioustolerance. org/

The IMPACT OF A MARKETING MIX

The IMPACT OF A MARKETING MIX Marketing Mix is defined as the collection of various marketing tools which can be blended very well to obtain greater response from the market. Anything and everything which a company or an organisation does to influence and encourage consuming them also will be key factor in the market mix The term marketing mix has been used for almost 50yrs to describe that mix of factors over which an organisation has some specific control. It affects far more than the basic product or service, embarrassing not only aspects of total product but everything that can be considered as part of total marketing offering Adock 2001:168 There are several marketing tools but the major four marketing factors which are very common in business relates to the marketing sector are Product, Price, Promotion and Place Considering Indian Premier League (IPL) in an entertainment industry framework, we are doing the service marketing mix, three additional variables are also there- People, Physical Evidence and Process are included to produce a 7Ps mix. Based on the above stated seven factors we are attempting to do the Marketing Mix of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in our coursework. While non-cricketing attributes that matter in IPL, the success is mainly relying on the core competencies of cricket players. Always a new business model is understood to mean a value proposition which is offered to the market as the revenue sources or targeted consumer segments. The key elements are: Matches customer needs Effective Marketing Mix Well Blended Creates competitive advantage Matches Corporate Resources Fig No 1: Hallmarks of an effective Marketing Mix (Jobber 2010: 20) PRODUCT The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a service that used to meet the needs of the spectators, because product is not to be necessarily an object it can be related to services, ideas and some situations it can even relates to the people and place also. Physical products can be tangible but pure services are intangible. This means the customers suffer high risk in their decision making and three elements of extended marketing mix are important to influence the customer of service quality. A product can be defined as anything that satisfies a want or need through use, consumption or acquisition John 2010:250 The Indian Premier League is an International brand which is implemented by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).The IPL consists of eight different teams which is located in some of the Indias biggest cities. The IPL is the Twenty20 (20 overs per team) tournament contested between this eight Indian city franchises. When we take IPL as a business rather than a game then IPL is the product or service the assets are the players of these teams and the market is the spectators and the television audience. Revenues can be generated from different ways like entry ticket, stadium advertising, player endorsements and television rights. The change that happened to the cricket in the recent years is the establishment and success of the IPL. The tournament consists of around 60 matches and team consists of international and domestic players as well as new players. The first season began in April 2008 in India. The second was moved to South Africa because of security concerns due to the Indian general elections. The concept of the Indian Premier League (IPL) has been accepted by International Cricket Council (ICC). As Indian Premier League (IPL) was created by BCCI particularly by Lalit Modi IPL Commissioner and vice president of BCCI modelled on the basis of English Football Premier League, which clearly stated the power of BCCI over Indian Cricket. The huge success of the second season in South Africa shows that the location is only secondary stage to entertainment value. IPL has rather made big changes in Indias socio economic path. The important point is that IPL has made the level of professionalism which was not seen before in BCCI. BRAND IPL is a service of its kind which has made its own image in marketing prospective globally in entertainment service. The brand name of a service can also influence the perception of a service. The characteristics of a successful brand name are distinctiveness, relevance, memorability and flexibility Jobber 2010:841 The UK based brand consultancy, brand finance has valued IPL at $4.2billion in 2010.It has valued $2.01billion in 2009 by the same consultancy. The eight franchises was also being part of this growth. The London Times reported that all but Kings XI Punjab made a profit in the first season. Rank Franchise Brand Value 1 Chennai Super Kings $ 48.4m 2 Kolkata Knight Riders $ 46m 3 Rajasthan Royals $ 45.2m 4 Royal Challengers Bangalore $ 41.9m 5 Mumbai Indians $ 40.8m 6 Delhi Daredevils $ 40.5m 7 Kings XI Punjab $ 36.1m 8 Deccan Chargers $ 34.4m PLC Reasons for the success of IPL The main reason for the success of the IPL was demand. The fan base determines demand and this made the revenues, profits and the franchise values. The IPL was financially viable because of the entertainment that is packaged, markets and sale was fulfilling the fans demand. Product Market The service market establishes the different ways on the basis of business marketing concepts. As far as IPL is concerned the interest will depend upon the level of competition in the league. That is based upon the interest of BCCI, to make sure the level of competition which sustains the demand and determines the long term liability of the league. The level of competition depends upon the number of teams in the league, the structure of the league system versus a single tier system number of matches in a season, end of season, play offs and tournaments, salary caps and the free agency. Customer function dimension: This involves the benefits that are provided to satisfy the needs of organisational buyers (Thomas 2010: 220). In IPL the franchises are engaging in activities that strengths the demand generating fan base. They made themselves financially viable by implementing brand value maximising decisions to make what viewers need from the IPL matches and how they are imperative to increase their franchise value. IPL matches are widened their viewer base attracted a number of women and children. Technology based dimension: There are alternative ways to perform a particular function (Thomas 2010:220). At a technical level based on Packers World Series Cup (WSC), IPL has scheduled every matches in evening and night, more camera angles, video replays, best commentary teams and onscreen statistics on an impressive way. It improved television coverage, sponsorships and marketing. Value Added system dimension: Competitors serving the market can operate a long sequence of stages (Thomas 2010: 220). In IPL the paying capacity will defer for different spectators. The franchises are recognising this and the price is changing according to the fans willingness to pay made a huge impact in the revenues. As an example, decision regarding seat allocation in the stadium daily tickets versus season tickets versus box seats and pricing of seats in the various sections of the stadium by a good understanding and consumer behaviour. PRICE Price is basically the odd one out of the marketing mix as it is the revenue earner, when compared to the rest of the three elements of the marketing mix (Product, Promotion Place) which are costs. Price is a really important element of the marketing mix as it drives the product to the customers vicinity. (Jobber 2004: 376). Price is a key marketing tool for various reasons, it is difficult to evaluate a service before purchase there price may act as an indicator of quality and creative pricing can help for smooth demand (controlling demand). IPL has made contracts with different private sector and nationalised banks for selling the tickets through them, by this they can reach to the public quite easily. The IPL has generated the income through different ways. The auction for the eight franchises fetched $723.59million in 2008.On 2010 there was auction for two more teams which fetched $703million and the teams has spent $650.4 for bidding the players . IPL got the deal with DLF, Indias largest construction firm for $200 million for the title sponsor IPL signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official umpire partner for a series at $ 24.06 million. The deal was the umpire uniforms will be of Kingfisher brand and also on the giant screen on the third umpire decision. IPL has made a contract with India Sony Entertainment television and Singapore based World Sport Group (WSG) for the global broadcasting rights on a record deal of $1.97billion for ten years including 2017 IPL season on 15th Jan 2008 Demand curve graph Whatever the amount collected 20% of these proceeds would go to IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchises. After the first successful first season in 2008 the second season which was held at South Africa proved that this league has shaken the sport at an international level, showed the shift of power from the developed world to emerging economy like India. The auction process showed that commercial values were not the same as cricketing values. The creation of the IPL has resulted in an instant windfall for BCCI with the league signing up deals worth over $1.749billion in terms of broadcast right, franchise sales and sponsorships .The 64% of the revenue generated through all broadcasting and sponsorship will go to franchises and as guaranteed the franchises get 80%of television revenue in first two years declining to 50% in the third year. To add this they receive 60 %of central sponsorship for the first 10 years and 50% thereafter. This is because the league wants to maximise the value of team owners. Sponsorship has played a critical role in IPL to make the other companies in Indian market to make deals with either team or individual players to promote the brand to the public. When the league was shifted to South Africa, to maintain revenues, team owners and co-sponsors came up with innovative ideas to make presence of IPL in Indian and South African markets. As an example the UB Group owner of the (Royal Challenger Bangalore) announced special travel packages on Kingfisher Airlines (an international airline owned by UB Group) for Indians heading to South Africa to watch the tournament. PROMOTION The intangible element of any service is difficult to communicate. Promotion is the most essential part of the organisation which helped to communicate to the world about the service. There are different ways for promoting a service. Advertising Any kind of promotional activity that has been paid by the company, but the company is not directly involved can be termed as advertising. The sources for that kind of promotions are newspaper, television, radio etc. The advantages of these kind of promotions are that you get support from the people who know about what customers like to see read and hear. The benefit of this is you dont need to put extra effort to promote by yourself. As newspaper, television and radio are commonly accepted for their widespread network in the advertisement field so that it will reach to most of its customers. The drawback for this kind of advertising is that the lack of customer interaction. They will be telecasting different advertisements on all the channels in every ad break throughout the day so that it will help the people to remember about it. Television Advertisement (Ref: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBBIrcKBMWkNR=1feature=fvwp) Public Relations In public relations word of mouth plays an important role to success for services because of their experiential nature. Viral communications-sometimes called electronic word of mouth is been effectively used to promote IPL Online Promotion The new media like online promotion can also be used to promote services. Indian Premier League (IPL) use targeted emails to encourage customers. IPL will be sending online advertisements to keep reminding about the dates of the matches .The sponsors will also be telecasting there advertisements on the basis of IPL and promoting the merchandisers Social Media Environments IPL is making a very good social media environment like Facebook and twitter very well to interact with the individuals. This will help to get the feedback which can be taken as a suggestion. Through Facebook and twitter IPL is updating the match reviews and live scores so that it can be beneficial those who doesnt have access to the television. In 2010 IPL has made a successful venture to keep live streaming in social networking site You Tube (www.youtube.com/t20) PLACE PEOPLE As far IPL is concerned the market comprises spectators and the television audience. The IPL can be said as a step for globalisation of cricket from India. It can appeal to market as diverse as Europe, Japan, Malaysia US. Around 20million Asian and Caribbean fan base migrants are in North America. China is one of the other potential market of interest which made a recent interest to participate in the 2019 cricket world cup by the Chinese authorities.IPL is expanding the cricket viewership. The principle form of change in the success of IPL is geography and innovation. The Asian sub-continent which consists of top of ten cricket playing nations is India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Bangladesh. Therefore it provides largest audience for cricket. The Indian market alone is the worlds pay-television market, with almost 70million households subscribing to sports channels. In 2010 the third season has been attracted to 200million viewers in India alone. That compares with a global audience of 4 50million of the last FIFA world cup. When people enjoy their work it is clear from their body language and the tone of their voice. They give of positive messages about their employer and will go the extra mile for their clients too. The company brand enjoys a very real boost as a result. Ross Urquhart, MD of RPM (Jobber 2010: 846). During the off season the interest in IPL format is being sustained by creation of trade window, during which players can be traded between franchises. Research by the IPL suggest that 70% of those attending a match having never been to one before. From this 70% around 90% of this people went to more matches. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE It is an environment in which the service is delivered in IPL, venues are the environment in which games performs. A very well organised opening and closing ceremonies will be conducted where it will be performed by world class performers and a spectacular laser show will be a centre of attraction. All the franchises have the cheer leaders to support their team throughout the match progresses. In an attempt to emulate the American Sports teams one of the franchises even imported cheerleaders from Washington Redskins. PROCESS It is a procedure, mechanisms and flow of mechanisms by which a service is acquired (Jobber 2010: 846). A good marketing means it has to happen in all the levels from marketing department to where its service is provided. IPL is providing a good spectacular event for all the spectators even in television as well as live. They have scheduled the matches in prime time so that it is good time for the targeted customers. The major key for the long term success of IPL is that rearing of the solid fan base. They can provide a cost effected entertainment demanded by the fans. Team composition should be reflecting the demand of fans. They can add celebrity players, local players, foreign players, hard hitters, all-rounders as well. The spectators will analyse the team on basis of these factors and the price it is willing to pay. Even they can make use of this social networking websites to get more supporters for their own teams in the matches.

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems Essays -- Computers Techno

Object-Oriented Database Management Systems The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is... ... D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994. Chorafas, D.N. and H. Steinmann. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1993. Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995. Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992. Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991. Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994. Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990. Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1995. Rao, B.R. Object-Oriented Databases: Technology, Applications, and Products. McGraw-Hill, 1994. Object-Oriented Database Management Systems Essays -- Computers Techno Object-Oriented Database Management Systems The construction of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems started in the middle 80's, at a prototype building level, and at the beginning of the 90's the first commercial systems appeared. The interest for the development of such systems stems from the need to cover the modeling deficiencies of their predecessors, that is the relational database management systems. They were intended to be used by applications that have to handle big and complex data such as Computer Aided Engineering, Computer Aided Design, and Office Information Systems. The area of the OODBMSs is characterized by three things. First, it lacks a common data model. There is no common data model although many proposals can be found in the literature. This is a more general problem of all the object-oriented systems not only the database management systems. Since the data model determines the database language of the system, which in turn determines the implementation of the system, we can understand that the differences between the various systems with different data models can be big and substantial. Second is the common theoretical framework. Although there is no standard object-oriented model, most object-oriented database systems that are operational or under development today share a set of fundamental object-oriented concepts. Therefore the implementation issues in OODBMSs that arise due to these concepts are universal. The third characteristic is that of experimental activity. Plenty of prototypes have been implemented and some of them became commercial products. There is really a need for applications to handle very complex data and that is why the interest of people in building such systems is... ... D.K. Practical Application of Object-Oriented Techniques to Relational Databases. Wiley/QED, 1994. Chorafas, D.N. and H. Steinmann. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1993. Delobel, C., C. Lecluse, and P. Richard. Databases: From Relational to Object-Oriented Systems. ITP, 1995. Gray, P.M.D., K.G. Kulkarni, and N.W. Paton. Object-Oriented Databases: A Semantic Data Model Approach. Prentice-Hall, 1992. Hughes, J.G. Object-Oriented Databases. Prentice-Hall, 1991. Kemper, A. and G. Moerkotte. Object-Oriented Database Management: Applications in Engineering and Computer Science. Prentice-Hall, 1994. Kim, W. Introduction to Object-Oriented Databases. MIT Press, 1990. Loomis, M.E.S. Object Databases: The Essentials. Addison-Wesley, 1995. Rao, B.R. Object-Oriented Databases: Technology, Applications, and Products. McGraw-Hill, 1994.

Life In The Hood :: essays research papers

He lay in his bed motionless, reflecting upon his life and how it had changed so quickly. He had lost his mother to an evil cocaine addiction a year earlier and was left to take care of his younger brother. The rent was 3 months over due, the phone was cut off, and the electricity was most likely next. He had reached the point were he was fed up with life. Why had he been put in this position? He put most of the blame on his mother for she had been the one who had spent all of their money on drugs. But still he didn’t understand why he had to be responsible for his mother’s actions. What really enraged Maurice, was how selfish his mother was. She would rather get a quick high than ensure that her family was taken care of. But these thoughts occurred in his mind night after night. And each night he would come to the realization that he cannot escape from the grips of poverty. The only possible option for him was to work hard for the pennies that he was being paid. The alarm clock was blasting. Maurice woke up and looked at the time. It was 9:32am and he was a half hour late for work. In a panic he put on his shoes and ran out the door. He knew once he got to work Tony, the restaurant manager, was going to chew him out. He had been late earlier that week and Tony told him that if he was late one more time he was going to give Maurice the axe. So he began thinking of a good excuse to tell the boss why he was late. But his attention soon shifted when a 1999 Mercedes Benz SLK 400 sitting on twenty-inch chrome rims pulled over about 50 yards in front of him. His sprint slowed to a walk the instant he laid eyes upon the jet-black beauty. He kept walking towards the car trying to see who the owner was. To his amazement a young man, around his age, stepped out of the car. He knew at that point this guy didn’t earn his money the true American way; hard work and discipline. He had to have been a â€Å"Mob Pawn†. They were called this because the mob used them to do most of the work and were sacrificed in many situations just so they could win the â€Å"chess match†.

Franklins Preface To Poor Rich Essay -- essays research papers

In Benjamin Franklin’s preface to Poor Richard Improved, "The Way to Wealth", Franklin offers many adages to help the reader conserve money. Many of these sayings are common even today. The title of this preface makes since because the title, "The Way to Wealth", can be interpreted as The Road to Wealth. If the reader does as these adages tell them, he or she should be on their way to wealth. Franklin offers advice to just about anybody. Franklin believed that wealth was important because it led to both frugality and industry. Frugality and industry were listed as his fifth and sixth virtues. Franklin tells us that in order to be industrious, we must always be employed in something useful. His proverb, "Employ thy Time well if though meanest to gain L... Franklins Preface To Poor Rich Essay -- essays research papers In Benjamin Franklin’s preface to Poor Richard Improved, "The Way to Wealth", Franklin offers many adages to help the reader conserve money. Many of these sayings are common even today. The title of this preface makes since because the title, "The Way to Wealth", can be interpreted as The Road to Wealth. If the reader does as these adages tell them, he or she should be on their way to wealth. Franklin offers advice to just about anybody. Franklin believed that wealth was important because it led to both frugality and industry. Frugality and industry were listed as his fifth and sixth virtues. Franklin tells us that in order to be industrious, we must always be employed in something useful. His proverb, "Employ thy Time well if though meanest to gain L...

Mosaic vs Melting Pot

Canada prides itself at home and abroad as a country made up of a cultural mosaic rather than a cultural melting pot. The mosaic is based on our belief that Canada as a whole becomes stronger by having immigrants bring with them their cultural diversity for all Canadians to learn from. The cultural melting pot, as adopted in the United States, tells immigrants that no matter who they have been in the past, upon landing on American shores, they are Americans and are expected to adopt and follow the American way. At the heart of Canadian society is our legal system. Our legal system is based on the English Common Law model, which in turn is based on a value system that places a strict adherence to following procedural rules over the substantive matter before the Court. The Canadian model is based on precedence which means that Courts are loath to do anything that has not been done by some Court previously. This in turn makes Cana- dian Courts very slow to adapt or adopt new ideas or social mores. From a cultural perspective, the Canadian legal system takes the `melting pot' approach, which is to say that culturally unique methods of dispute resolu- tion are not accepted by our legal system. Instead, our legal system imposes its values on all who come before it. For example, in the family separation cases the courts apply English or French legal systems, yet there are varied cultures and people in Canada with different notions of what a family separation should mean or entail and that is not always reflected in court decisions. The courts are not always obliged to take cultural values in account when decisions are made. One of the issues this dichotomy presents are how the Canadian legal system can be more flexible in accepting different values for settling disputes.

Case Study-San Francisco Bay Consulting

Case 2: San Francisco Bay Consulting The problem in this case is the identification of the role of Computer Service and its relationship between it and other departments. The three solutions all have advantages and disadvantages. I think if we still keep the current system, the role of CS department remains unclear. If the staff are not clear about their role, they would behave nor too conservative nor too risky. So whey still lack can-do attitude on occasions, because they have no criteria in their mind to judge their action.However, if we make CS a profit center, and free the researcher from their ties to CS, new problems arise. As CS could set any prices it liked and change them as often as it liked, and researcher also are allowed to go outside and purchase the software and hardware they want, hopefully it can work like total competition market. But the CS firm has no difference between other hardware store provider outside. That is to say there is no need to build such an indepe ndent department inside the company.It is not performing its function and create value for the company. Besides it is a waste of time which actually decrease the efficiency of the whole company. For the third solution, running CS as an expense center says the total cost would be allocated to programs or groups in proportion to hours billed. I think this the cause for the potential of encouraging researcher to ignore the costs. Instead I think it is better for every individual of group assume the risk for purchasing new hardware and software.So in my opinion, I think every solution have its advantages and disadvantages. And it actually also depends on the environment and style of strategy. If the company is in a world developing fast, and the company is trying to expanding itself, it is better to make CS expense department, it can encourage the researcher to apply the newest technology and get advantage of it. However, if the economy is not good and demand is not strong, the company is trying deducting cost, I think it is better to stick to current system.To summarize, there is no perfect system here. It depends on the economic environment and the company’s strategy. Or I may come up with another solution, but I am not sure. How about just treat the CS department neutral. It is actually just the service department and provides computer service to the company. The risk or gain or loss totally belongs to every consultant in the group. The staffs in CS only get fixed salary and return of company stocks.

Compare and Contrast of Slavery Essay

Intro: During 18th century slavery, three regions of the country had slight to very different lifestyles as well as small to very common similarities. Slavery during the 18th century influenced how slavery went forth for the next century and a half. In this essay I will compare and contrast 18th century slavery in the Chesapeake, Low Country (South Carolina and Georgia), and the Northern colonies. 1. Chesapeake Region a. The early years of slavery in the Chesapeake region were lax. There were few black slaves at first and there were only a few slaves in the labor force. The first set of slaves in Virginia and Maryland were more indentured servants than true slavery. Before the late 1600’s there was a very thin line between black slavery and white freedom. In the early 1600’s slaves that had â€Å"Christian† names such as Pedro or Isabella were considered Christians so they were considered indentured servants and allowed to work off the price that was paid for them and then freed. They worked alongside white indentured servants. As time went on the slave, population there grew through natural reproduction. b. As some of the British planters became more successful and held more land in an effort of their own interest introduced the â€Å"Unthinking decision† (Chattel Slavery) which officially drew a line in the racial divide between Africans (Blacks) and Whites. The Chesapeake region was the first to have and enact â€Å"Slave codes† which would eventually carry across all regions partially and in its entirety. Bills of sale for slaves in regards to children of Black female slaves was instituted in the Chesapeake region saying that the children born to these women would be slaves for life because their mother was a slave. As the slave, codes kicked in slaves were deemed no more than livestock and inferior and could no longer become converts of Christianity taking away completely indentured servitude. It went on this way until slavery ended. c. Tobacco was the main source of prosperity in the Chesapeake region slaves worked in gangs in the tobacco fields because the owners thought it made them work faster. d. The slaves in this region lived in log cabins. 2. Low Country (South Carolina and Georgia) e. Slavery in the low country was somewhat different in the aspect that the slaves that arrived there were already Chattel. The slaves in the low country were mainly Black and Indian slaves and eventually all black as time progressed. The slaves in low country grew through the constant new arrivals of slaves from Africa. Slaves in the low country had a very high mortality rate due to disease, overwork, and poor treatment. Slaves in the low country retained more of their African heritage because there were so many of them and always fresh Africans coming in the ports. By the 18th Century, the low country had almost a 70 percent ratio of black slaves compared to white slave owners. Charleston was North America’s leading port of entry for Africans. f. The main crops in the low country were rice and corn compared to the Chesapeake region. g. The slaves there developed their own broken languages called Geechie and Gullah. h. Low Country showed a great deal of Creolization. This is the first sign of distinct classes between slaves. The creoles stayed in the same areas as whites because they were mixed race they had social and economic advantages over slaves that were on plantations but they were still watched all the time by whites. i. The slave houses in low country were made of tabby (a form of a concrete mortar mixture). j. In contrast to the slaves in the Chesapeake region, the slaves in low country had certain independence in their daily routines. Once they were done with their chores, their time was free to do what they chose without supervision. Although the slaves had this independence, the white people still had a â€Å"Negro Watch† to enforce curfew on the black people there. 3. Northern Colonies k. The Northern colony slaves were perhaps the least like slaves of the three regions. One of the main differences was organized religion. There was also the fact that during the 18th century there slave population in the Northern Colonies was a mere 4.5% compared to the 40% and higher in the south. Slavery was less oppressive due to the Puritan religious principles of the Northern region. l. The slaves lived in the house with their master and his family. The slaves also worked along side the master, his family, and the other slaves on the small farms. Most had two slaves per household on the rare occasion there some estates that had 50 or 60. m. Slaves in the Northern colonies were allowed to become Artisans, Shopkeepers, Messengers, Domestic Servants, and General Laborers. New England slaves had a huge advantage over slaves in the other regions they could legally own, transfer, and inherit property. They also had the least opportunity to preserve their African heritage because of their easier conditions. They also had the highest amount of mulattoes. 4. The commonality between Chesapeake, Low Country, and the Northern Colonies is the fact that no matter what slaves were still deemed less than whites. They still had to abide by the â€Å"Slave Codes†. Miscegenation was banned and strictly enforced everywhere. Conclusion: In comparing and contrasting the three regions there are more differences than commonalities when it comes to their areas. The commonalities are very strong in the fact that no matter how well or badly they were treated they were always deemed inferior to whites even the â€Å"mixed†, â€Å"Creoles†, or â€Å"Mulattoes†. In essence, slaves everywhere were under the same â€Å"Slave Codes† with the difference between the regions being how strictly they enforced.

When The Urinary System Fails Health And Social Care Essay

Normal riddance of urinary or nephritic wastes is a basic map that most people take for granted ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . When the urinary system fails to work decently, virtually all organ systems will be finally affected. For this ground, intercessions designed to battle nephritic troubles and failures are of paramount importance in my arrangement which is in the nephritic ward. As a nurse in the nephritic ward, understanding and a sensitiveness to all clients ‘ demands are of import. For this paper, a specific clinical scenario that normally happens in the nephritic ward is chosen. This status is urinary tract infection as a consequence of the catheterisation. The ground for taking this clinical status is that this is really common yet if left untreated can present serious injury to the patient. Body Urinary piece of land infections or more normally referred to as UTIs are responsible for more than 7 million physician visits a twelvemonth and are the most common hospital-acquired ( nosocomial ) infections in many states worldwide ( Foxman, 2002 ) . Many instances of urinary piece of land infections result from catheterisation or surgical use. Although several different micro-organisms may do this status, Escherichia coli remains the most common causative pathogen, responsible for 80 % of unsophisticated infections. Bacteria in the piss or bacteriuria may take to the spread of beings into the kidneys and blood stream, taking to urosepsis ( O'Donnell & A ; Hofmann, 2002 ) . Microorganisms most normally enter the urinary piece of land through the go uping urethral path. Bacteria inhabit the distal urethra, external genital organ, and vagina in adult females. Organisms enter the urethral meatus easy and go up the inner mucosal run alonging to the vesica. Womans are more susceptible to infection because of the propinquity of the anus to the urethral meatus and because if the short urethra ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . Catheter interpolation is the primary hazard factor for nosocomial urinary piece of land infections. Womans and aged patients are at increased hazard for catheter-associated urinary piece of land infections, but several other hazard factors exist. Pre-existing chronic unwellness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating room or late in hospitalization are each associated with increased hazard of urinary piece of land infections ( Crosby, 2005 ) . In work forces, prostate secernment s that contain an antibacterial substance and the length of the urethra cut down the susceptiblenesss to urinary piece of land infections. Older grownups and patients with progressive implicit in disease or decreased unsusceptibility are besides at increased hazard. In a healthy individual with a good vesica map, beings are flushed out during invalidating. Residual piss in the vesica becomes more alkalic and is an ideal site for micro-organism growing. Any intervention with the free flow of urine can do infection. a kinked, obstructed, or clamped catheter and any status ensuing in urinary keeping addition the hazard of a vesica infection. In the infirmary scene, urinary piece of land infections occur as a consequence of catheterisation. Each twelvemonth, urinary catheters are inserted in more than 5 million patients in acute-care infirmaries and extended-care installations. Urinary piece of land infections are the 2nd most common nosocomial infections in infirmaries in Europe and the first in the United States ( Martin, 2001 ) . Catheter-associated urinary piece of land infection ( CAUTI ) is the most common nosocomial infection in infirmaries and nursing places, consisting [ is greater than ] 40 % of all institutionally acquired infections. Nosocomial bacteriuria or candiduria develops in up to 25 % of patients necessitating a urinary catheter for [ is greater than or equal to ] 7 yearss, with a day-to-day hazard of 5 % . CAUTI is the 2nd most common cause of nosocomial blood stream infection, and surveies by Platt et Al. and Kunin et Al. suggest that nosocomial CAUTIs are associated with well increased institutional decease rates, unrelated to the happening of urosepsis ( Tambyah, 2001 ) . For centuries, the urethral catheter system consisted of a tubing inserted through the urethra into the vesica and drained into an unfastened container. The closed catheter system was developed in the 1950s and is still in usage today ( Zweig, 2000 ) . UTIs are the most common nosocomial infection, accounting for 40 % of all hospital-reported infections and impacting about 600,000 patients yearly. Catheter interpolation is the primary hazard factor for nosocomial UTIs. Women and aged patients are at increased hazard for catheter-associated UTIs, but several other hazard factors exist. Pre-existing chronic unwellness, malnutrition, diabetes, nephritic inadequacy, and interpolation of the catheter outside the operating room or late in hospitalization are each associated with increased hazard of UTIs. UTIs besides add to the costs of attention by protracting hospitalization by 1 to 4 yearss and increasing the direct costs of intervention by an estimated $ 593 to $ 680 per infection ( Crosby, 2005 ) . They may affect a urosepsis, which carries a mortality rate that may be every bit high as 25 to 60 % . They frequently occur in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter. The lms and external surfaces of the catheter are the paths for bacterial entry into the vesica. For forestalling infection, the care of a closed unfertile drainage system is described as the most successful method. A closed drainage system was described for the first clip in 1928, and its benefit was appreciated much later ( Martin, 2001 ) . Excluding rare hematogenously derived pyelonephritis, caused about entirely by Staphylococcus aureus, most micro-organisms doing endemic CAUTI derive from the patient ‘s ain colonic and perineal vegetations or from the custodies of health-care forces during catheter interpolation or use of the aggregation system. Organisms addition entree in one of two ways. Extraluminal taint may happen early, by direct vaccination when the catheter is inserted, or subsequently, by beings go uping from the perineum by capillary action in the thin mucose movie immediate to the external catheter surface. Intraluminal taint occurs by reflux of micro-organisms deriving entree to the catheter lms from failure of closed drainage or taint of piss in the aggregation bag ( Tambyah, 2001 ) Catheterization of the vesica involves presenting a gum elastic or plastic tubing through the urethra and into the vesica. The catheter provides a uninterrupted flow of urine in patients who are unable to command urination or those with obstructors. It besides provides a agency of measuring urine end product in hemodynamically unstable clients. Because vesica catheterisation carries the hazard of urinary piece of land infections, obstruction, and injury to the urethra, it is preferred to trust on other steps for either specimen aggregation or direction of incontinency ( Potter & A ; Perry, 2004 ) . The usage of urinary catheters should be avoided whenever possible. Clean intermittent catheterisation, when practical, is preferred to long- term catheterisation. Suprapubic catheters offer some advantages, and rubber catheters may be appropriate for some work forces. While clean handling of catheters is of import, everyday perineal cleansing and catheter irrigation or altering are uneffective in extinguishing bacteriuria. Bacteriuria is inevitable in patients necessitating long-run catheterisation, but merely diagnostic infections should be treated. Infections are normally polymicrobial, and earnestly sick patients require therapy with two antibiotics. Patients with spinal cord hurts and those utilizing catheters for more than 10 old ages are at greater hazard of vesica malignant neoplastic disease and nephritic complications ; periodic nephritic scans, urine cytology and cystoscopy may be indicated in these patients ( Zweig, 2000 ) . Recommendations Build up of secernments or incrustation at the catheter interpolation site is a beginning of annoyance and possible infection. The nurses, in order to avoid such a state of affairs, must supply perineal attention and hygiene at least twice daily or as needed for a patient with a keeping catheter. Soap and H2O are effectual in cut downing the figure of beings around the urethra. The nurse must non by chance progress the catheter up into the vesica during cleansing or hazard presenting bacteriums. In add-on to routine perineal attention and hygiene, many establishments recommend that clients with catheters receive particular attention at least three times a twenty-four hours and after laxation or intestine incontinency to assist minimise uncomfortableness and infection. Keeping a closed urinary drainage system is of import in infection control. A interruption in the system can take to debut of micro-organisms. Sites at hazard are the site of catheter interpolation, the drainage bag, the tap, the tubing junction, and the junction of the tubing and the bag. In add-on, the nurse has the duty to supervise the patency of the system to forestall pooling of piss within the tube. Urine in the drainage bag is an first-class medium for micro-organism growing. Bacterias can go up drainage tubing to turn in pools of piss. If this piss flows back to the patient ‘s vesica, an infection will probably develop. Suggestions for ways to forestall infections in catheterized patients are the undermentioned: Follow good manus hygiene techniques. Make non let the tap on the drainage system to touch a contaminated surface. Merely usage unfertile technique to roll up specimens from a closed drainage system. If the drainage tubing becomes disconnected, do non touch the terminals of the catheter or tube. Wipe the terminal of the tube and catheter with an antimicrobic solution before reconnecting. Ensure that each client has a separate receptacle for mensurating piss to forestall cross taint. Prevent pooling of piss in the tube and reflux of piss into the vesica. Avoid raising the drainage bag above the degree of the vesica. If it becomes necessary to raise the bag during transportation of a patient to a bed or stretcher, clamp the tube or empty the tube contents to the drainage bag foremost. Provide for drainage of piss from the tubing to the bag by positioning the tube. Empty the drainage bag at least every 8 hours. If big end products are noted, empty more often. Promote unstable consumption, if it is non contraindicated. Inclusion of cranberry juice has been shown to diminish the attachment of bacteriums to the vesica wall and to catheter lms. Remove the catheter every bit shortly as clinically warranted. Tape or procure the catheter suitably for the patient. Perform everyday perineal hygiene per bureau policy and after laxation R intestine incontinency. Good wellness depends in portion on a safe environment. Practices or techniques that control or prevent transmittal of infection aid to protect persons, particularly patients and wellness attention workers from disease. Patients in all wellness attention scenes are at hazard for geting infections because of lower opposition to infective micro-organisms, increased exposure to Numberss and types of disease-causing micro-organisms, and invasive processs. In acute attention or ambulatory attention installations, patients can be exposed to pathogens, some of which may be resistant to most antibiotics. By practising infection bar and control techniques, wellness attention workers can avoid distributing micro-organisms to patients and fellow wellness attention workers. In all scenes, the patients and their households must be able to acknowledge beginning of infections and be able to establish protective steps. Patient learning should include information refering infections, manners of transmittal, and methods of bar. The first major progress for forestalling CAUTI since the wide-scale acceptance of closed drainage 35 old ages ago is the development of catheters with antiinfective surfaces. These progresss should non be considered the concluding reply, nevertheless. Other engineerings that should be pursued include new, more powerful antiinfective stuffs ; microbe-impervious antireflux valves ; urethral stents ; conformable ( collapsable ) urethral catheters ; and vaccinums for enteral Gram-negative B and staphylococcus. Antiseptics are far more likely than bactericides to confabulate greater opposition to come up colonisation and non to choose for infection with antimicrobial-drug immune bacteriums or barms. New surface engineerings that release far greater measures of ionic Ag or other antiinfective agents into the aqueous environment immediate to the catheter surface might even forestall CAUTIs caused by intraluminal contaminations ( Tambyah, 2001 ) . Prevention of catheter-associated UTIs is more effectual, peculiarly for indwelling catheters, than trusting entirely on antimicrobic agents. ( 8 ) The most effectual pattern intercessions for cut downing catheter-associated UTIs include placing patients who no longer necessitate indwelling catheters, sing other catheterisation options or options to catheterisation, and supplying patient and health professional instruction when long-run indwelling catheterisation is needed ( Crosby, 2005 ) . Reducing the clip a patient is catheterized can be accomplished by systematic reminders to reexamine the continuance of catheterisation for each patient. In add-on to pattern intercession, the pick of catheters and related equipment can besides cut down UTIs well. Other methods of catheterisation should he considered before infixing an indwelling catheter. Catheterization options are based on the ground for catheterisation and the expected continuance of demand. Other options include condom catheters for males, suprapubic catheters for patients who require long-run indwelling drainage, and intermittent catheterisation for patients with spinal cord hurts. Patients who must utilize an indwelling catheter should hold a closed catheter system with a little catheter. Manufacturer ‘s recommendations for rising prices and deflation, system care, procuring the catheter, and decently positioning the drainage bag below the patient ‘s vesica should be followed. Preventing incrustati on and obstruction are besides really of import. Following these stairss and decently keeping closed drainage catheter systems has been shown to well cut down the hazard for UTI ( Crosby, 2005 ) . Summary and Conclusion Patient safety should be the figure one concern before, during and after each process in any infirmary. A elaborate cognition of the epidemiology, based on equal surveillance methodological analysiss, is necessary to understand the pathophysiology and the principle of preventative schemes that have been demonstrated to be effectual. In my country of work which is in the nephritic ward, the rules of general preventative steps such as the execution of criterion and isolation safeguards should be reviewed. Urinary catheterisation can do many wellness jobs. Options to catheterisation should be used whenever possible. Decrease of catheter-associated UTIs is based chiefly on preventative infection control patterns. The success of the nurse who patterns infection-control techniques is measured by finding whether the ends for cut downing or forestalling infection are achieved. A comparing of the patient ‘s response, such as absence of febrility or development of lesion drainage, with expected results determines the success of nursing intercessions.

Causes and Effects of Bullying Essay

Bullying is a serious problem in homes, schools and communities. Often dismissed as an adolescent â€Å"rite of passage,† research clearly indicates bullying is learned behavior and detrimental to the academic, physical, social and emotional development of all involved bullies, targets and the bystanders who witness it. Bullying is not only a problem of youth but is one that spans all ages. Despite volumes of research, countless â€Å"anti-bullying† programs and increased by the media, bullying continues to pervade our culture and our schools. It is a complex social issue requiring determination, leadership and courage to address. Although it is a difficult challenge, it cannot be ignored. A wave of recent bullying incidents with tragic outcomes has shed a renewed light on this issue. The advent of technology allowing for impulsive, anonymous and rapid communication, has expanded the opportunities for bullying to a degree that necessitates more innovative and immediate responses than ever before. Most people know that bullying is wrong. Calling someone names has absolutely no beneficial purpose. Moreover, hitting someone makes a bully feel good in the moment while doing permanent damage to the person being victimized. With the Internet, people now have even more opportunities to bully through cyberbullying. This includes sending crude pictures, posting fake web pages, or tweeting slanderous messages. Cyberbullying has subsequently led to a rise in a completely new kind of bullying. One of the effects of bullying is that it can change the victim’s personality. It can cause people who are normally confident and happy to become self-conscious, shy, and unsure. Additionally, victims of bullying may also become sad or depressed. Their confidence might completely disappear, keeping them from trying new things or trusting people. Once a person has been bullied, they may hesitate to participate in situations where he or she might be ridiculed, such as in public speaking or in sports. A bullying victim might even begin to possess previously absent anxious behavior. Despite all the negative effects of bullying, there are even far more serious consequences. People who have been bullied sometimes become so upset, scared, or depressed that they see no worth in themselves and no way out of their torment. There have been countless reports over the past few years of students committing suicide because they were bullied. Meanwhile, there are times when victims see no recourse but to seek revenge by serious acts of violence against the bully and instigators. As a result of bullying, people can lose their ability to love and trust, denying them the chance to experience a quality relationship later in their life. They might find themselves as a submissive partner or they may want to be completely alone. Compounding all of these problems, victims often develop eating disorders, begin to self-injure, or require extensive counseling. Social bullying can also leave people without a supportive group of friends that they can lean on and spend time with.

MGT499 Mod 1 Case - Harley Davidson Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGT499 Mod 1 Case - Harley Davidson - Coursework Example I believe to a very large degree that indeed the company Harley Davidson is currently proceeding towards its Mission, Vision and values. Given the threats the company has managed to survive quite a number of cares and threats that have come along its way over the years, I believe that the contemporary days are no different. The company has managed to trend over numerous threats over the years in the motorcycling industry. One of the hugest threats was posed by the introduction of the assembling mode of production by Henry Ford in the US. This produced at a very first and effective rate that Harley Davidson found very hard to cope with. It however braced itself and rose to the occasion. At the end of the day, the firm managed to pull through the ordeal. Harley Davidson is currently venturing very strongly in internet marketing. It has put a lot of effort and dedication towards meeting clients on the internet and making big its sells through the exploitation of internet options. This i s squarely in line with the well laid out missions, visions and values that it steadfastly holds. By increasing its market share through the internet, the firm is poised to make it big in the industry. It shall with no doubt manage to survive all the imminent threats that are posed on it. It shall also manage to survive much longer in the market without faltering or succumbing to pressure through achieving its visions, missions and values. One of the major missions of the company Harley Davidson is cost reductions. The company strives towards obtaining the most economical modes of production which demand less investment to be able to pull through. This shall go a long way in ensuring that the company is able to beat its competition effectively in the market and shall also see to it that it survives in the market for much longer. Another mission of the company is to provide sustainable and reliable motorbikes to the world. It has managed to stretch its throngs though out the expanse of the US and it aim at making it throughout the globe. The vision of the firm is to be a hub of innovation. It envisions itself innovating new technologies that can conquer the market. This is geared towards saving the world from motorbike accidents and increasing cruising powers, speeds and efficiency of the motorbikes. This shall be essential in eliminating any detriments and keeping the prospects of the company alive for much longer. The company also envisions itself producing at much faster speeds than the current rate of production. There comes some times when there is limited supply in the market and the production speed shall come in handy. The missions, visions and values of Harley Davidson ogre well with the stakeholders of the firm. The reduction in the costs of production means that the consumers shall be able to have their beloved products delivered at a very limited price. Another advantage to the stakeholders is the fact that by increased rates of production, the comp any shall be able to meet the required supply and hence shall not lose the any clients to the competition in the market. Through this, the firm shall be sustained for long. This shall offer security to the employees as well as to the shareholders right onto the firm. Through innovation, the firm shall not only be able to beat the competition in the market, it shall also be able to provide sustainable motorcycling products to the consumers. It shall live much longer in the market and be fruitful to both the employees and the shareholders.

Phase 3 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Phase 3 Discussion Board - Assignment Example Based on the above argument, it is my pleasure to report that the most important decision to make is to improve the level of quality of our services. As a production department, there is a need to look for all the available resources which can enable us to improve our efficiency. This means that proper measures should be taken to improve the general conditions of the working environment. If it is properly done, it will have long term benefits to the company since it will be crucial in accomplishing its objectives. The first decision to make is to improve the efficiency of the machines. In the production department, several equipments need to be used. However, for them to be helpful to the company, they should be in a good condition. In this regard, the company should acquire modern and up to date machines to use in the production process. A part from this, deliberate measures should be taken to ensure that the efficiency of the available equipments is improved. This can be done by up dating them and giving them the necessary maintenance. For instance, if there is any worn out part, it should be repaired or replaced. Thus, it will be possible for the organization to improve the efficiency of these machines. The other decision to make is to reorganize the scheduling process of production. In order to be more efficient, it is necessary for the production department to readjust the time schedule of the production process. Since time is a very important resource for the company, it should not be misused any more. Instead, the management should come up with measures to ensure that all the activities are planned (Gomez-Mejia, 2008). Once everything is done as per the schedule, the operations will smoothly run without any delay. This will be a great step towards improving our service delivery. At the same time, it will help in establishing a good rapport with our

Migration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Migration - Assignment Example Individuals may migrate because of social reasons such as family miss understandings, political turmoil, poverty or the intense desire for adventure. In its content, ‘the Bridge’ journal looks at some of the reasons why gender has been one of the core reasons for migration in many parts of the world. Gender roles, inequalities and relations highly influence migration in the current generation (Jolly S., Reeves H 2005 pg. 1). Gender oppression has been a key fight in many parts of the world. The current system of education provides equal opportunities to all people regardless of their gender. Women have the power to manage big institutions and to own property worth million and billions of dollars. This is unlike in the past where men were the dominant species and women were required only to act like companions and servants of the man. Gender movement erupted from the discovery of various abilities by oppressed parties which include both women and men depending on the envi ronment. It is not logical to say that only women are prone to oppression in the modern world. Every form of gender is prone to oppression that can in turn lead to migration. Migration is currently viewed as a problem caused by development but if deeply analyzed; sex segregation in the world’s labour market is one of the major causes of migration. Policies of gender migration in relation to labour markets provide different opportunities to men and women which at time cause unskilled women to more risky migration conduit (Jolly S., Reeves H 2005 pg. 4). Due to this fact, cases of human trafficking have become common in many parts of the world with Africa and Asia being the most affected regions. Economic imbalance, gender oppression and lack of employment cause many women to be lured into human traffic business with them being the commodity of trade. Their desire for a new

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Politics - Essay Example Census (Davidson, Walter, and Frances 42-46). Nevertheless, districting in the elections for the House of Representatives stands out as one of the sources of partisan polarization (Carson et al 1). There are significant problems associated with districting in single member states (Garrett 1-6). Single-member district electoral system fosters poor representation and undermines the democratic voting process. In reviewing and advancing the argument about polarization and districting, we can show that districting plays a significant role in enhancing polarization. In Rethinking Districting, Thomas Brunell argues that voters who did not vote for the winning candidate are less happy compared to the voters who voted for the winning candidate in the House of Representatives (Brunell 77). The single-member district electoral system creates a disconnection as the minority voters do not identify with the winning representatives. Like-minded partisans enhance cohesion in the House (McCarty et al 4-6). Otherwise, establishing a competitive district in the House has an adverse effect of distorting the ideologically congruent voters into separate districts, which will increase the absolute number of voters who will be unhappy with the outcome and dissatisfied with their representative (Brunell 77). Where most of the voters are unhappy with the outcome and dissatisfied with their representative, then the political leaders will have a huge challenge in exercising their power. This has an overall effect of demeaning representation and undermining developme nt since the voters will not support the decisions of the House of Representatives. The districting process is also problematic because the single-member district electoral system may determine the leaders and the party, which will govern our local district even before the voters exercise their voting rights. The single-member district electoral system favors certain candidates and parties since it confines